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Population dynamics of an invasive bird parasite, Philornis downsi (Diptera: Muscidae), in the Galapagos Islands


Autoři: Charlotte E. Causton aff001;  Roger D. Moon aff002;  Arno Cimadom aff003;  Rebecca A. Boulton aff004;  Daniel Cedeño aff001;  María Piedad Lincango aff001;  Sabine Tebbich aff003;  Angel Ulloa aff001
Působiště autorů: Charles Darwin Research Station, Charles Darwin Foundation, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador aff001;  Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America aff002;  Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria aff003;  College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Cornwall, United Kingdom aff004;  Facultad De Ciencias Agrícolas, Universidad Central Del Ecuador, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador aff005
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(10)
Kategorie: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224125

Souhrn

The invasive parasitic fly, Philornis downsi (Muscidae), is one of the greatest threats to the avifauna of the Galapagos Islands. The larvae of this fly feed on the blood and tissues of developing nestlings of at least 18 endemic and native birds. The aim of the current study was to investigate biotic and abiotic factors that may influence the population dynamics of this invasive parasite. To study the influence of vegetation zone and related climatic factors on fly numbers, a bi-weekly monitoring program using papaya-baited traps was carried out at a dry, lowland site and at a humid, highland site on Santa Cruz Island between 2012–2014. Female flies, a large proportion of which were inseminated and gravid, were collected throughout the year at both sites, indicating females were active during and between the bird breeding seasons. This is the first evidence that female flies are able to persist even when hosts are scarce. On the other hand, catch rates of male flies declined between bird breeding seasons. Overall, catch rates of P. downsi were higher in the drier, lowland habitat, which may be a consequence of host or resource availability. Time was a stronger predictor of adult fly numbers than climate, further suggesting that P. downsi does not appear to be limited by its environment, but rather by host availability. Seasonal catch rates suggested that populations in both habitats were continuous and multivoltine. Numbers of adult female flies appeared to be regulated chiefly by simple direct density dependence, and may be governed by availability of bird nests with nestlings. Nevertheless, confounding factors such as the existence of reservoir hosts that perpetuate fly populations and changes in behavior of P. downsi may increase the vulnerability of bird hosts that are already IUCN red-listed or in decline.

Klíčová slova:

Animal sexual behavior – Birds – Humidity – Islands – Larvae – Population dynamics – Seasons – Nesting habits


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