Anabolic steroids among resistance training practitioners
Autoři:
Ericson Pereira aff001; Samuel Jorge Moyses aff002; Sergio Aparecido Ignacio aff002; Daniel Komarchewski Mendes aff001; Diego Sgarbi da Silva aff002; Everdan Carneiro aff002; Ana Maria Trindade Grégio Hardy aff003; Edvaldo Antônio Ribeiro Rosa aff002; Patricia Vida Cassi Bettega aff001; Aline Cristina Batista Rodrigues Johann aff002
Působiště autorů:
Department of Physical Education, Graduate Program, Life Sciences School, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
aff001; Department of Dentistry, Graduate Program, Life Sciences School, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
aff002; Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, United States of America
aff003
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(10)
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223384
Souhrn
Objective
To compare the use of anabolic steroids (AS), the motivation to use them, their side effects, the source of information and the form in which AS were obtained, the medical follow-up, and the periodic examinations in resistance training practitioners who are either current or former users of AS.
Methods
A prevalence survey was performed in the gyms of the city of Curitiba, including 719 current and former AS users who self-administered a questionnaire. The chi-square and z of proportions (p <0.05) statistical tests were conducted.
Results
Esthetics was the main motivation associated with AS intake, leading to satisfactory results. The information about the form in which to use AS was provided by doctors and AS were either purchased at the pharmacy with a prescription or illegally. Current users reported a higher number of cycles and doses, a longer duration of use, as well as larger economical investments into AS. This shows a higher consumption of such drugs, regardless of the medical follow-up and post-cycle therapy.
Conclusion
Given that a change in the usage pattern was observed when increasing the AS consumption, this should be considered in the elaboration of public policies to inhibit such a trend.
Klíčová slova:
Acne – Adverse reactions – Drug information – Hypertension – Medical doctors – Strength training – Testosterone – Propionates
Zdroje
1. Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Pope HG Jr. Illicit anabolic–androgenic steroid use. Horm Behav 2010; 58: 111–121. doi: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.09.006 19769977
2. Carrasquilo R, Chu K, Ramasamy R. Novel Therapy for Male Hypogonadism. Curr Urol Rep 2018; 19:63. doi: 10.1007/s11934-018-0816-x 29886559
3. Chrysant SG, Chrysant GS. Cardiovascular benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy in older men with low testosterone. Hosp Pract 2018; 46:47–55. doi: 10.1080/21548331.2018.1445405 29478348
4. Tryniszewski W, Kamiński G, Maziarz Z, Nowak M, Gadzicki M, Radek M. The assessment of testosterone and radioisotopic index of bone metabolism and bone mineral density in men with testosterone deficiency after one year of testosterone therapy. Nucl Med Rev 2018; 21:14–19. doi: 10.5603/NMR.a2018.0002 29319133
5. Sjöqvist F, Garle M, Rane A. Use of doping agents, particularly anabolic steroids, in sports and society. Lancet 2008; 371:1872–1882. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60801-6 18514731
6. Oberlander JG, Henderson LP. The sturm und drang of anabolic steroid use: angst, anxiety, and aggression. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:382–392. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.03.001
7. Anabolics Llewellyn W. Florida: Molecular Nutrition; 2009. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.03.001
8. Van Amsterdam J, Opperhuizen A, Hartgens F. Adverse health effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 57:117–123. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.02.001 20153798
9. Silva GG, Brito AF, Nogueira FRS, Júnior JFCR, Ribeiro SLG, Oliveira CVC, Santos MAP. Prevalence of anabolic-androgenic steroids on bodybuilders of Teresina–PI. RPCD 2017; 17:115–124. [Portuguese].
10. Nogueira FRS, Brito AF, Vieira TI, Oliveira CVC, Gouveia RLB. Prevalence of use of ergogenic aids among strength training apprentices in João Pessoa—Paraíba. Rev Bras Ciênc Esporte 2015; 37:56–64. [Portuguese].doi.org/10.1016/j.rbce.2013.12.001.
11. Abrahin OSC, Naicha SFS, De Sousa EC, Moreira JKR, Do Nascimento VC. Prevalence of the use of anabolic androgenic steroids by physical education students and professors who wor k in health clubs. Rev Bras Med Esporte 2013; 19:27–30. [Portuguese]. doi: 10.1590/S1517-86922013000100005
12. Iriart JAB, Chaves JC, Orleans RG. Body cult and use of anabolic steroids by Bodybuilders. Cad Saúde Pública 2009; 25:773–782. [Portuguese]. doi: 10.1590/s0102-311x2009000400008 19347203
13. Santos AF, Mendonça PMH, Santos LA, Silva NF, Tavares JKL. Anabolic steroids: concepts according to muscular activity practisers in Aracaju (SE). Psicol Estud 2006; 11:371–380. [Portuguese]. doi: 10.1590/S1413-73722006000200016
14. Petersson A, Garle M, Holmgren P, Druid H, Krantz P, Thiblin I. Toxicological findings and manner of death in autopsied users of anabolic androgenic steroids. Drug Alcohol Depend 2006; 81:241–249. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.07.003 16137840
15. Petersson A, Bengtsson J, Voltaire-Carlsson A, Thiblin I. Substance abusers motives for using anabolic androgenic steroids. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 1:170–172. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.04.008 20483546
16. Turillazzi E, Perilli G, Di Paolo M, Neri M, Riezzo I, Fineschi V. Side Effects of AAS Abuse: An Overview. Mini-Rev Med Chem 2011; 11:374–389. doi: 10.2174/138955711795445925 21443513
17. Thiblin I, Mobini-Far H, Frisk M. Sudden unexpected death in a female fitness athlete, with a possible connection to the use of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and ephedrine. Forensic Sci Int 2009; 184:7–11. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2008.11.004 19110387
18. Montisci M, Mazloum RE, Cecchetto G, Terranova C, Ferrara SD, Thiene G, Basso C. Anabolic androgenic steroids abuse and cardiac death in athletes: Morphological and toxicological findings in four fatal cases. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 217:e13–e18. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.032 22047750
19. Silva-Junior SHA. Hospital morbidity due to anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) consumption in Brazil. Rev Bras Med Esporte 2013; 19:108–111. [Portuguese]. doi: 10.1590/S1517-86922013000200007
20. Harriss DJ, Macsween A, Atkinson G. Standards for Ethics in Sport and Exercise Science Research: 2018 Update. Int J Sports Med 2017; 38:1126–1131. doi: 10.1055/s-0043-124001 29258155
21. IPARDES: Instituto Paranaense de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social. Statistical notebook–municipality of Curitiba. 2018. http://www.ipardes.gov.br. (Acessed 10/25/2018). [Portuguese].
22. Silva LSMF Moreau RLM. The use of anabolic-androgenic steroids among body builders in major gym centers in São Paulo, Brazil. Rev Bras Ciênc Farm 2003; 39:327–333. [Portuguese]. doi: 10.1590/S1516-93322003000300012
23. Leifman H, Rehnman C, Sjöblom E, Holgersson S. Anabolic androgenic steroids use and correlates among gym users: an assessment study using questionnaires and observations at gyms in the Stockholm region. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011; 8:2656–2674. doi: 10.3390/ijerph8072656 21845151
24. Kanayama G, Gruber AJ, Pope HG Jr, Borowiecki JJ, Hudson JI. Over-the-Counter Drug Use in Gymnasiums: An Underrecognized Substance Abuse Problem? Psychother Psychosom 2001; 70:137–140. doi: 10.1159/000056238 11340414
25. Sagoe D, Molde H, Andreassen CS, Torsheim T, Pallesen S. The global epidemiology of anabolic-androgenic steroid use: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. Ann Epidemiol 2014; 24:383–398. doi: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2014.01.009 24582699
26. Sousa S, Rodrigues WRH, Silva RA, Zanuto EC. Profile of users anabolic steroids of city Presidente Prudente-SP. Rev Bras Nutrição Esportiva 2017; 11:383–389. [Portuguese].
27. Al-Falasi O, Al-Dahmani K, Al-Eisaei K, Al-Ameri S, Al-Maskari F, Nagelkerke N, Schneider J. Knowledge, attitude and practice of anabolic steroids use among gym users in Al-Ain district, United Arab Emirates. Open J Sports Med 2008; 2:75–81. doi: 10.2174/1874387000802010075
28. Elliot DL, Cheong JW, Moe EL, Goldber L. Cross-sectional Study of Female Students Reporting Anabolic Steroid Use. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2007; 161:572–77. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.161.6.572 17548762
29. Berning JM, Adams KJ, DeBeliso M, Stamford BA, Newman I. Anabolic androgenic steroids: use and perceived use in non-athlete college students. Educational Psychology Papers and Publications 2008; 1–19.
30. Tahtamouni LH, Mustafa NH, Alfaouri AA, Hassan IM, Abdalla MY, Yasin SR. Prevalence and risk factors for anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse among Jordanian collegiate students and athletes. Eur J Public Health 2008; 18: 661–665. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckn062 18603598
31. Andrade AG, Duarte PCAV, Barroso LP, Nishimura R, Alberghini DG, Oliveira LG. Use of alcohol and other drugs among Brazilian college students: effects of gender and age. Rev Bras Psiquiatr 2012; 34:294–305. doi: 10.1016/j.rbp.2012.02.002
32. Cardozo-Filho NS, Gaspar EF, Siqueira KL, Monteiro GC, Andreoli CV, Ejnisman B, Cohen M. Pyomyositis in ath letes after the use of anabolic steroids: case reports. Rev Bras Ortop 2011; 46:97–100. [Portuguese]. doi: 10.1016/S2255-4971(15)30185-3 27026995
33. Maior AS, Bernasconi A, Sanches JF, Simão R, Menezes P, Miranda H, Nascimento JHM. Anabolic androgenic steroids use in two cities of Rio Grande do Sul. Rev Bras Prescrição e Fisiol do Exercício 2009; 3:580–591 [Portuguese].
34. Frizon F, Macedo SMD, Yonamine M. Use of anabolic-androgenic steroids by sports practitioners attending the main gym centers in Erechim and Passo Fundo (Brazil). Rev Ciênc Farm Básica Apl 2005; 26:227–232 [Portuguese].
35. Silva PRP, Machado Júnior LC, Figreiredo VC, Cioffi AP, Prestes MC, Czepielewski MA. Prevalence of the Use of Anabolic Agents among Strength Training Apprentices in Porto Alegre, RS. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab 2007; 51:104–110 [Portuguese]. doi: 10.1590/S0004-27302007000100017
36. Nogueira FRS, Souza AA, Brito AF. Prevalence of the use and ergogenic resources effects by body builders in Brazilian academies: a systematic review. Rev Bras Ativ Fis Saúde 2013; 18:16–30 [Portuguese].
37. Lood Y, Eklund A, Garle M, Ahlner J. Anabolic androgenic steroids in police cases in Sweden 1999–2009. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 219:199–204. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2012.01.004 22269132
38. White M, Brennan E, Ren KYM, Shi M, Thakrar A. Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Use as a Cause of Fulminant Heart Failure. Can J Cardiol 2018; 34: 1–3. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2018.06.008 30205989
39. Anand JS, Chodorowski Z, Hajduk A, Waldman W. Cholestasis Induced by Parabolan Successfully Treated with the Molecular Adsorbent Recirculating System. ASAIO J 2006; 52:117–118. doi: 10.1097/01.mat.0000196712.32953.21 16436902
40. Boks MN, Tiebosch AT, van der Waaij LA. A jaundiced bodybuilder cholestatic hepatitis as side effect of injectable anabolic-androgenic steroids. J Sports Sci 2017; 35:2262–2264. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1265659 27937337
41. Lee HS, Jung DW, Han S, Kang HS, Suh JH, Oh HS, Hwang MS, Moon G, Park Y, Hong JH, Koo YE. Veterinary drug, 17b-trenbolone promotes the proliferation of human prostate cancer cell line through the Akt/AR signaling pathway. Chemosphere 2018; 198:364–369. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.145 29421751
42. Kraus SL, Emmert S, Schon MP, Haenssle HA. The dark side of beauty: acne fulminans induced by anabolic steroids in a male bodybuilder. Arch Dermatol 2012; 148:1210–1212.2 doi: 10.1001/archdermatol.2012.855 23069972
43. Moraes DR, Castiel LD, Ribeiro APPGA. “No” for stacked young bodybuilders, “yes” for manthers: the biomedical discourse on anabolic steroids and health. Cad Saúde Pública 2015; 31:1131–1140 [Portuguese]. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00068914 26200362
44. Araújo LR, Andreolo J, Silva MS. Use of alimentary supplement and anabolizante for apprentices of muscular activity in the academies of Goiânia-GO. Rev Bras Ciên e Mov 2002; 10:13–18 [Portuguese].
45. Kimergard A, McVeigh J. Environments, risk and health harms: a qualitative investigation into the illicit use of anabolic steroids among people using harm reduction services in the UK. BMJ Open 2014; 4:1–7. doi: 10.1136/
46. Neves DBJ, Marcheti RGA, Caldas ED. Incidence of anabolic steroid counterfeiting in Brazil. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 228:81–83. doi: 10.1016/j
Článek vyšel v časopise
PLOS One
2019 Číslo 10
- Proč se v Česku šíří několik „vymýcených“ infekcí najednou? Ptáme se odborníků
- ADHD jako evoluční výhoda? Výzkum se zaměřil na lovce a sběrače
- Není migréna jako migréna: Co pociťují ženy a co muži?
- Metamizol jako analgetikum první volby: kdy, pro koho, jak a proč?
- Není statin jako statin aneb praktický přehled rozdílů jednotlivých molekul
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
- Correction: Low dose naltrexone: Effects on medication in rheumatoid and seropositive arthritis. A nationwide register-based controlled quasi-experimental before-after study
- Combining CDK4/6 inhibitors ribociclib and palbociclib with cytotoxic agents does not enhance cytotoxicity
- Efficacy of cotrimoxazole (Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim) as a salvage therapy for the treatment of bone and joint infections (BJIs)
- Risk factors associated with IgA vasculitis with nephritis (Henoch–Schönlein purpura nephritis) progressing to unfavorable outcomes: A meta-analysis
Zvyšte si kvalifikaci online z pohodlí domova
Všechny kurzy