#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Maternal employment and child nutritional status in Uganda


Autoři: Olivia Nankinga aff001;  Betty Kwagala aff001;  Eddy J. Walakira aff002
Působiště autorů: Department of Population Studies, School of Statistics and Planning, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda aff001;  Department of Social Work and Social Administration, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda aff002
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(12)
Kategorie: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226720

Souhrn

Nearly half of all deaths among children under five (U5) years in low- and middle-income countries are a result of under nutrition. This study examined the relationship between maternal employment and nutrition status of U5 children in Uganda using the 2016 Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) data. We used a weighted sample of 3531 children U5 years born to working women age 15–49. Chi-squared tests and multivariate logistic regressions were used to examine the relationship between maternal employment and nutritional outcomes while adjusting for other explanatory factors. Results show that children whose mothers had secondary education had lower odds of stunting and underweight compared with children whose mothers had no formal education. Children who had normal birth weight had lower odds of stunting, wasting and being underweight compared with children with low birth weight. Children whose mothers engaged in agriculture and manual work had higher odds of stunting compared with those whose mothers engaged in professional work. Additionally, children whose mothers were employed by nonfamily members had higher odds of wasting and being underweight compared with children whose mothers were employed by family members. Other determinants of child nutritional status included region, age of the mother, and age and sex of the child. Interventions aimed at improving the nutritional status of children of employed women should promote breastfeeding and flexible conditions in workplaces, target those of low socio-economic status and promote feeding programs and mosquito net use for both mothers and children.

Klíčová slova:

Birth weight – Decision making – Employment – Child health – Children – Mothers – Uganda


Zdroje

1. World Health Organization. Improving nutrition outcomes with better water, sanitation and hygiene: practical solutions for policies and programmes [Available from: https://www.who.int/nutrition/nhd/en/.

2. Arimond M, Ruel MT. Dietary Diversity Is Associated with Child Nutritional Status: Evidence from 11 Demographic and Health Surveys. The Journal of Nutrition. 2004;134(10):2579–85. doi: 10.1093/jn/134.10.2579 15465751

3. UNICEF. Malnutrition Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2019 [Available from: https://data.unicef.org/topic/nutrition/malnutrition/.

4. Levinson FJ, Bassett L. Malnutrition is still a major contributor to child deaths. Population Reference Bureau. 2007.

5. UNICEF-WHO-The World Bank. Joint child malnutrition estimates—Levels and trends. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2019. Contract No.: No. WHO/NMH/NHD/19.20.

6. World Health Organization. Malnutrition: Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 [Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malnutrition.

7. United Nations Children’s Fund WHO, The World Bank. Levels & Trends in Child Malnutrition. The World Bank. UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates. UNICEF, New York; WHO, Geneva; The World Bank, Washington, DC;; 2012.

8. United Nations Children’s Fund WHO, The World Bank. Levels & Trends in Child Malnutrition. The World Bank. UNICEF-WHO-World Bank Joint Child Malnutrition Estimates. UNICEF, New York; WHO, Geneva; The World Bank, Washington, DC;; 2015.

9. Uganda Bureau of Statistics, ICF International Inc. Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2011. Calverton, Maryland, USA; 2012.

10. Uganda Bureau of Statistics—UBOS, ICF. Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Kampala, Uganda: UBOS and ICF; 2018.

11. World Health Organization. Improving nutrition outcomes with better water, sanitation and hygiene: practical solutions for policies and programmes. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2015.

12. Kinyoki DK, Berkley JA, Moloney GM, Kandala N-B, Noor AM. Predictors of the risk of malnutrition among children under the age of 5 years in Somalia. Public Health Nutrition. 2015;18(17):3125–33. doi: 10.1017/S1368980015001913 26091444

13. Chavane LA, Gonçalves CMdD. Inequalities in Maternal and Child Health in Mozambique: A Historical Overview. 2019.

14. Mistry SK, Hossain MB, Khanam F, Akter F, Parvez M, Yunus FM, et al. Individual-, maternal- and household-level factors associated with stunting among children aged 0–23 months in Bangladesh. Public Health Nutrition. 2018;22(1):85–94. doi: 10.1017/S1368980018002926 30404673

15. Masibo PK, Makoka D. Trends and determinants of undernutrition among young Kenyan children: Kenya Demographic and Health Survey; 1993, 1998, 2003 and 2008–2009. Public Health Nutrition. 2012;15(09):1715–27.

16. Lartey A. Maternal and child nutrition in Sub-Saharan Africa: challenges and interventions. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2008;67(1):105–8. doi: 10.1017/S0029665108006083 18234138

17. Das S, Rahman RM. Application of ordinal logistic regression analysis in determining risk factors of child malnutrition in Bangladesh. Nutrition Journal. 2011;10(1):124.

18. Annim SK, Awusabo-Asare K, Amo-Adjei J. Household Nucleation, Dependency and Child Health Outcomes in Ghana. Journal of Biosocial Science. 2015;47(5):565–92. doi: 10.1017/S0021932014000340 25167165

19. Dake SK, Solomon FB, Bobe TM, Tekle HA, Tufa EG. Predictors of stunting among children 6–59 months of age in Sodo Zuria District, South Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study. BMC Nutrition. 2019;5(1):23.

20. Mohammed SH, Larijani B, Esmaillzadeh A. Concurrent anemia and stunting in young children: prevalence, dietary and non-dietary associated factors. Nutrition Journal. 2019;18(1):10. doi: 10.1186/s12937-019-0436-4 30791904

21. Aryastami NK, Shankar A, Kusumawardani N, Besral B, Jahari AB, Achadi E. Low birth weight was the most dominant predictor associated with stunting among children aged 12–23 months in Indonesia. BMC Nutrition. 2017;3(1):16.

22. Baig-Ansari N, Rahbar MH, Bhutta ZA, Badruddin SH. Child's Gender and Household Food Insecurity are Associated with Stunting among Young Pakistani Children Residing in Urban Squatter Settlements. Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 2006;27(2):114–27. doi: 10.1177/156482650602700203 16786978

23. Nigatu G, Assefa Woreta S, Akalu TY, Yenit MK. Prevalence and associated factors of underweight among children 6–59 months of age in Takusa district, Northwest Ethiopia. International Journal for Equity in Health. 2018;17(1):106. doi: 10.1186/s12939-018-0816-y 30041638

24. Ohonba A, Ngepah N, Simo-Kengne B. Maternal education and child health outcomes in South Africa: A panel data analysis. Development Southern Africa. 2019;36(1):33–49.

25. Susan Maybud ILO Gender, Equality and Diversity Branch (GED), ILO INWORK domestic work team. Women and the Future of Work–Taking care of the caregivers. Equality and Diversity Branch (GED); 2015.

26. International Labour Office. World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends for Women 2018 –Global snapshot. International Labour Office–Geneva; 2018.

27. Bernal R. The Effect of Maternal Employment and Child Care on Children's Cognitive Development. International Economic Review. 2008;49(4):1173–209.

28. Baydar N, Greek A, Gritz RM. Young Mothers' Time Spent at Work and Time Spent Caring for Children. Journal of Family and Economic Issues. 1999;20(1):61–84.

29. Brauner-Otto S, Baird S, Ghimire D. Maternal employment and child health in Nepal: The importance of job type and timing across the child's first five years. Social Science & Medicine. 2019;224:94–105.

30. United Nations. Sustainable development goals 2015 [Available from: https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html.

31. Republic of Uganda. Second National Development Plan (NDPII) 2015/16–2019/20 2015.

32. Ukwuani FA, Suchindran CM. Implications of women's work for child nutritional status in sub-Saharan Africa: a case study of Nigeria. Social Science & Medicine. 2003;56(10):2109–21.

33. Shroff MR, Griffiths PL, Suchindran C, Nagalla B, Vazir S, Bentley ME. Does maternal autonomy influence feeding practices and infant growth in rural India? Soc Sci Med. 2011;73(3):447–55. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.05.040 21742425

34. Waldfogel J. Child care, women's employment, and child outcomes. Journal of Population Economics. 2002;15(3):527–48.

35. Department of Equity Poverty and Social Determinants of Health (EIP/EQH). A WHO Report on Inequities in Maternal and Child Health Mozambique. World Health Organization,; 2007.

36. Negash C, Whiting SJ, Henry CJ, Belachew T, Hailemariam TG. Association between Maternal and Child Nutritional Status in Hula, Rural Southern Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study. PLOS ONE. 2015;10(11):e0142301. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142301 26588687

37. World Bank. Closing the Potential-Performance Divide in Ugandan Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: World Bank; 2018.

38. Jones AD, Cruz Agudo Y, Galway L, Bentley J, Pinstrup-Andersen P. Heavy agricultural workloads and low crop diversity are strong barriers to improving child feeding practices in the Bolivian Andes. Social Science & Medicine. 2012;75(9):1673–84.

39. Pigato M. Information and communication technology, poverty, and development in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia: World Bank Washington, DC; 2001.

40. Noonan MC, Estes SB, Glass JL. Do Workplace Flexibility Policies Influence Time Spent in Domestic Labor? Journal of Family Issues. 2007;28(2):263–88.

41. Manthorpe J, Hindes J. Employing direct care workers through public and private funding: a scoping review of the literature. Skills for Care. 2010.

42. Dagher RK, McGovern PM, Schold JD, Randall XJ. Determinants of breastfeeding initiation and cessation among employed mothers: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2016;16(1):194. doi: 10.1186/s12884-016-0965-1 27472915

43. World Health Organization, UNICEF. Global strategy for infant and young child feeding. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2003.

44. Khan MN, Islam MM. Effect of exclusive breastfeeding on selected adverse health and nutritional outcomes: a nationally representative study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):889. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4913-4 29162064

45. Tarrant M, Kwok M-K, Lam T-H, Leung GM, Schooling CM. Breast-feeding and Childhood Hospitalizations for Infections. Epidemiology. 2010;21(6):847–54. doi: 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181f55803 20864890

46. Kirk MD, Angulo FJ, Havelaar AH, Black RE. Diarrhoeal disease in children due to contaminated food. Bull World Health Organ. 2017;95(3):233–4. doi: 10.2471/BLT.16.173229 28250537

47. Republic of Uganda. The Uganda Malaria Reduction Strategic Plan 2014–2020. Kampala, Uganda: Ministry of Health; 2014.

48. UNFPA. Population Matters: Issue Brief 07: Leaving no one behind in Karamoja. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018.

49. Ajao K, Ojofeitimi E, Adebayo A, Fatusi A, Afolabi O. Influence of family size, household food security status, and child care practices on the nutritional status of under-five children in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. African journal of reproductive health. 2010;14(4).

50. Malik S, Courtney K. Higher education and women’s empowerment in Pakistan. Gender and Education. 2011;23(1):29–45.

51. Ojobo JA. Education: A catalyst for women empowerment in Nigeria. Ethiopian journal of Education and Sciences. 2008;4(1).

52. Carlson GJ, Kordas K, Murray-Kolb LE. Associations between women's autonomy and child nutritional status: a review of the literature. Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2015;11(4):452–82.

53. Yabancı N, Kısaç İ, Karakuş SŞ. The Effects of Mother's Nutritional Knowledge on Attitudes and Behaviors of Children about Nutrition. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences. 2014;116:4477–81.

54. Ahmed S, Creanga AA, Gillespie DG, Tsui AO. Economic Status, Education and Empowerment: Implications for Maternal Health Service Utilization in Developing Countries. PLOS ONE. 2010;5(6):e11190. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011190 20585646

55. Bongaarts J, Mensch BS, Blanc AK. Trends in the age at reproductive transitions in the developing world: The role of education. Population Studies. 2017;71(2):139–54. doi: 10.1080/00324728.2017.1291986 28397543

56. Fentahun W, Wubshet M, Tariku A. Undernutrition and associated factors among children aged 6–59 months in East Belesa District, northwest Ethiopia: a community based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):506.

57. Chirande L, Charwe D, Mbwana H, Victor R, Kimboka S, Issaka AI, et al. Determinants of stunting and severe stunting among under-fives in Tanzania: evidence from the 2010 cross-sectional household survey. BMC Pediatrics. 2015;15(1):165.

58. Kabubo-Mariara J, Ndenge GK, Mwabu DK. Determinants of Children's Nutritional Status in Kenya: Evidence from Demographic and Health Surveys. Journal of African Economies. 2008;18(3):363–87.

59. Dharmalingam A, Navaneetham K, Krishnakumar CS. Nutritional Status of Mothers and Low Birth Weight in India. Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2010;14(2):290–8. doi: 10.1007/s10995-009-0451-8 19199015

60. Lo NC, Snyder J, Addiss DG, Heft-Neal S, Andrews JR, Bendavid E. Deworming in pre-school age children: A global empirical analysis of health outcomes. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2018;12(5):e0006500. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006500 29852012


Článek vyšel v časopise

PLOS One


2019 Číslo 12
Nejčtenější tento týden
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvyšte si kvalifikaci online z pohodlí domova

KOST
Koncepce osteologické péče pro gynekology a praktické lékaře
nový kurz
Autoři: MUDr. František Šenk

Sekvenční léčba schizofrenie
Autoři: MUDr. Jana Hořínková

Hypertenze a hypercholesterolémie – synergický efekt léčby
Autoři: prof. MUDr. Hana Rosolová, DrSc.

Svět praktické medicíny 5/2023 (znalostní test z časopisu)

Imunopatologie? … a co my s tím???
Autoři: doc. MUDr. Helena Lahoda Brodská, Ph.D.

Všechny kurzy
Kurzy Podcasty Doporučená témata Časopisy
Přihlášení
Zapomenuté heslo

Zadejte e-mailovou adresu, se kterou jste vytvářel(a) účet, budou Vám na ni zaslány informace k nastavení nového hesla.

Přihlášení

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte se

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#