Gang confrontation: The case of Medellin (Colombia)
Autoři:
Juan D. Botero aff001; Weisi Guo aff002; Guillem Mosquera aff002; Alan Wilson aff003; Samuel Johnson aff004; Gicela A. Aguirre-Garcia aff005; Leonardo A. Pachon aff001
Působiště autorů:
Universidad de Antioquia, Instituto de Física, Medellin, Colombia
aff001; University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
aff002; Alan Turing Institute, London, United Kingdom
aff003; University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
aff004; Centro Nacional de Memoria Histórica, Bogotá, Colombia
aff005; Freie Universität Berlin, Lateinamerika-Institut, Berlin, Germany
aff006; guane Enterprises, Medellin, Colombia
aff007
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(12)
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225689
Souhrn
Protracted conflict is one of the largest human challenges that have persistently undermined economic and social progress. In recent years, there has been increased emphasis on using statistical and physical science models to better understand both the universal patterns and the underlying mechanics of conflict. Whilst macroscopic power-law fractal patterns have been shown for death-toll in wars and self-excitation models have been shown for roadside ambush attacks, very few works deal with the challenge of complex dynamics between gangs at the intra-city scale. Here, based on contributions to the historical memory of the conflict in Colombia, Medellin’s gang-confrontation-network is presented. It is shown that socio-economic and violence indexes are moderate to highly correlated to the structure of the network. Specifically, the death-toll of conflict is strongly influenced by the leading eigenvalues of the gangs’ conflict adjacency matrix, which serves a proxy for unstable self-excitation from revenge attacks. The distribution of links based on the geographic distance between gangs in confrontation leads to the confirmation that territorial control is a main catalyst of violence and retaliation among gangs. As a first attempt to explore the time evolution of the confrontation network, the Boltzmann-Lotka-Volterra (BLV) dynamic interaction network analysis is applied to quantify the spatial embeddedness of the dynamic relationship between conflicting gangs in Medellin. However, the non-stationary character of the violence in Medellin during the observation period restricts the application of the BLV model and results suggest that more involved and comprehensive models are needed to described the dynamics of Medellin’s armed conflict.
Klíčová slova:
Centrality – Colombia – Eigenvalues – Homicide – Human rights – Network analysis – Unemployment rates – War and civil unrest
Zdroje
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