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Heroin type, injecting behavior, and HIV transmission. A simulation model of HIV incidence and prevalence


Autoři: Georgiy Bobashev aff001;  Sarah Mars aff002;  Nicholas Murphy aff002;  Clinton Dreisbach aff001;  William Zule aff003;  Daniel Ciccarone aff002
Působiště autorů: Center for Data Science, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America aff001;  University of California, San Francisco, Department of Family and Community Medicine, San Francisco, CA, United States of America aff002;  Center for Global Health, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States of America aff003
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(12)
Kategorie: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0215042

Souhrn

Background and aims

Using mathematical modeling to illustrate and predict how different heroin source-forms: “black tar” (BTH) and powder heroin (PH) can affect HIV transmission in the context of contrasting injecting practices. By quantifying HIV risk by these two heroin source-types we show how each affects the incidence and prevalence of HIV over time. From 1997 to 2010 PH reaching the United States was manufactured overwhelmingly by Colombian suppliers and distributed in the eastern states of the United States. Recently Mexican cartels that supply the western U.S. states have started to produce PH too, replacing Colombian distribution to the east. This raises the possibility that BTH in the western U.S. may be replaced by PH in the future.

Design

We used an agent-based model to evaluate the impact of use of different heroin formulations in high- and low-risk populations of persons who inject drugs (PWID) who use different types of syringes (high vs. low dead space) and injecting practices. We obtained model parameters from peer-reviewed publications and ethnographic research.

Results

Heating of BTH, additional syringe rinsing, and subcutaneous injection can substantially decrease the risk of HIV transmission. Simulation analysis shows that HIV transmission risk may be strongly affected by the type of heroin used. We reproduced historic differences in HIV prevalence and incidence. The protective effect of BTH is much stronger in high-risk compared with low-risk populations. Simulation of future outbreaks show that when PH replaces BTH we expect a long-term overall increase in HIV prevalence. In a population of PWID with mixed low- and high-risk clusters we find that local HIV outbreaks can occur even when the overall prevalence and incidence are low. The results are dependent on evidence-supported assumptions.

Conclusions

The results support harm-reduction measures focused on a reduction in syringe sharing and promoting protective measures of syringe rinsing and drug solution heating.

Klíčová slova:

Agent-based modeling – Heroin – HIV epidemiology – HIV infections – Simulation and modeling – Tar – Viral load


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