#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Imported severe malaria and risk factors for intensive care: A single-centre retrospective analysis


Authors: Alessandra D’Abramo aff001;  Luciana Lepore aff001;  Marco Iannetta aff001;  Saba Gebremeskel Tekle aff001;  Angela Corpolongo aff001;  Laura Scorzolini aff001;  Nazario Bevilacqua aff001;  Andrea Mariano aff001;  Maria Letizia Giancola aff001;  Antonella Vulcano aff001;  Micaela Maritti aff001;  Alessandro Agresta aff001;  Mario Antonini aff001;  Umberto D’Alessandro aff002;  Emanuele Nicastri aff001
Authors place of work: National Institute for Infectious Diseases, IRCCS, Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy aff001;  MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Atlantic Boulevard, Fajara, The Gambia aff002
Published in the journal: PLoS ONE 14(11)
Category: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225135

Summary

Objectives

This study aims to identify the risk factors for intensive care (IC) in severe malaria patients admitted to the “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, Rome, Italy.

Methods

All patients with confirmed severe malaria and hospitalized between 2007 and 2015 were included in the analysis and stratified into two groups: those requiring IC and those who did not. Five prognostic malaria scores were estimated; clinical severity at IC unit admission was assessed using the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment and the quick-Sequential Organ Failure Assessment scores. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to assess factors independently associated to IC.

Results

A total of 98 severe malaria patients were included; 10 of them required IC. There were no deaths or sequelae. Patients requiring IC had higher severity scores. At the multivariate analysis, only the number of World Health Organization criteria and the aspartate aminotransferase value were independently associated with the need of IC.

Conclusions

An early and accurate assessment of the severity score is essential for the management of severe malaria patients.

Keywords:

Parasitic diseases – Malaria – Intensive care units – Plasmodium – Malarial parasites – Coma – Aminotransferases

Introduction

Imported malaria is a substantial clinical and epidemiological problem in many European countries currently considered as malaria-free. In Europe, approximately 6000 imported malaria cases are reported annually, with 10% of them progressing towards severe malaria [1]. The case-fatality rate of adequately treated severe malaria, due to Plasmodium falciparum is about 10–20% while it is almost 100% if left untreated [2]; among patients admitted to intensive care unit (ICU), such case-fatality rate ranges between 5 to 10% [3]. Individuals from non-endemic countries travelling to high malaria endemic countries are immunologically naïve as they have not been previously exposed to the infection. For this reason, when infected, they may evolve rapidly towards severe malaria with high parasite densities, multi-organ involvement, and eventually death [46]. Therefore, identifying among these patients those with a higher risk of adverse outcome may improve their management and thus reduce the risk of death. The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors associated with the need of IC. For this purpose, the clinical records of a cohort of severe malaria patients admitted over 8 years at the “Lazzaro Spallanzani” National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Rome, Italy were analysed.

Methods

In this single-centre cross sectional study, we retrospectively recruited a total number of 98 patients consecutively hospitalized with confirmed severe malaria at the INMI Spallanzani, Rome, Italy, from January 2007 to December 2015. The INMI Spallanzani is a 200-bed hospital dealing mainly with infectious and tropical diseases with a 10-bed ICU. This study was approved by the Ethic Committee of the INMI Spallanzani (ethics number 38/2016). Inclusion criteria: age >18 years old, written informed consent at hospital admission from the patient or next of kin if patient unable, severe confirmed malaria diagnosis. Severe malaria was diagnosed in presence of P. falciparum asexual parasitaemia and at least one clinical (impaired consciousness or unarousable coma; prostration; failure to feed; multiple convulsions–more than two episodes in 24 hours; respiratory distress; circulatory collapse or shock; clinical jaundice and evidence of other vital organ dysfunctions; haemoglobinuria; abnormal spontaneous bleeding; pulmonary oedema) or laboratory (hypoglycaemia; metabolic acidosis; severe anaemia; hyperparasitaemia; renal impairment hyperlactataemia) criterion in absence of any other obvious cause [7]. For Plasmodium vivax, all the criteria were applied with the only exception of hyperparasitaemia [7]. Demographic characteristics, medical and travel history, clinical presentation, anti-malarial and supportive treatment, parasitaemia before and during treatment, complications during treatment, adverse drug reactions, clinical outcome (survival, death or sequelae) at day 28 post-treatment were collected for all patients from the clinical record. In addition, the time to reduce parasite density below 1% and parasite clearance were also collected. Patients were divided into two groups, namely those requiring and those not requiring intensive care (ICU and non-ICU, respectively). The ICU criteria for admission were: Glasgow Coma Scale <11, presence of multiple convulsions, respiratory distress with a PaO2/FiO2 Ratio <100, conditions requiring mechanical or non-invasive ventilation, circulatory collapse or shock and/or mean artherial pressure <70 mmHg requiring vasopressor drugs, all those conditions requiring close monitoring and/or prolonged sedation. For each patient, five prognostic malaria scores were calculated: the Malaria Score for Adults (MSA) [8], the Coma Acidosis Malaria score (CAM) [9], the Respiratory rate-based CAM score (R-CAM) [9], the Malaria Severity Score (MSS) [10] and the GCRBS (Glasgow coma scale, Creatinine, Respiratory rate, Bilirubin, Systolic blood pressure) Score [11]. Clinical severity at ICU admission was also assessed using the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score [12] and quick-SOFA (q-SOFA) score [13].

Statistical analysis

Comparison of continuous data between 2 groups were analysed with the Student's t test or Mann-Whitney test, as appropriate. Fisher exact test was used to evaluate age, gender and WHO criteria distribution. Pearson’s correlation and linear regression were used to evaluate the correlation between malarial and non-malarial scores. Data were expressed as median (interquartile range, IQR) or mean ± standard deviation (M±SD), as appropriate. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to analyse the factors independently associated to admission in ICU. The final multivariate model was selected with a forward stepwise variable selection procedure. In the multivariate analysis, a stepwise logistic regression model was fitted. A p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad PRISM and Stata Corp. 2013. Stata Statistical Software: Release 13. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.

Results

Study population

From 2007 to 2015, a total of 98 patients with severe malaria were admitted; 10 of them requiring IC (Table 1).

Tab. 1. Severe malaria patients by Intensive Care need (%).
Severe malaria patients by Intensive Care need (%).

Patients requiring IC showed longer length of hospitalization and parasite clearance time compared to the other group. Notably, there were 5 cases of P. vivax severe malaria, including one requiring IC. Overall, the reasons for IC were cerebral malaria (7 cases), shock (6 cases) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (4 cases). The presence of 2 concurrent criteria for IC was observed in seven patients. All patients who required IC were treated with either intravenous artesunate (2.4 mg/kg at 0, 12, 24 and 48 hours, in 6 cases) or quinine (20 mg/kg loading dose followed by 10 mg/kg for a total of 48 hours, in 4 cases). Moreover, all ICU patients received antibiotic treatment for bacterial infections (3 central venous catheter-associated blood stream infections due to multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans, 6 ventilator associated pneumoniae, 1 catheter-associated urinary tract infection). In addition, eight patients needed mechanical ventilation for acute lung injury (6 cases) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (2 cases), 6 patients were treated with vasopressor drugs for shock and 2 patients with continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration for acute renal failure. At 28-day follow-up, no deaths or documented sequelae were reported.

Malarial and non-malarial severity scores

The different malarial scores were estimated for all 98 severe malaria patients; those who required IC had higher scores than the others (Table 2).

Tab. 2. Malarial score: ICU vs non-ICU.
Malarial score: ICU <i>vs</i> non-ICU.

The relation between SOFA, q-SOFA and malarial severity scores was evaluated and a positive linear regression was found between SOFA and GCRBS only (p = 0.01, r2 = 0.58) (Fig 1).

Malarial and non-malarial severity scores.
Fig. 1. Malarial and non-malarial severity scores.
A positive linear regression was found between Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score (SOFA) and GCRBS Score (Glasgow coma scale, Creatinine, Respiratory rate, Bilirubin, Systolic blood pressure).

ICU versus non-ICU patients

Mean age, baseline parasite density, platelet count, haemoglobin and serum creatinine levels were similar between ICU and non-ICU patients; ICU patients had a slower parasite clearance (127.2±19 vs 84.7±4.6 hours, p = 0.006) and higher total bilirubin (4.8±1.2 vs 2±0.16 mg/dl, p<0.0001), aspartate aminotransferase (AST, 159.3±34 vs 66.5±7.6 U/L, p = 0.0003) (Fig 2A) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT, 102.9±19.3 vs 61.3±7.3 U/L, p = 0.07). All ICU patients had more than 3 WHO criteria for severe malaria while the other patients met only one criterion (3.8±0.2 vs 1.3±0.11, p<0.001) (Fig 2B): specifically, the presence of neurological (p<0.001), liver (p = 0.03) or respiratory involvement (p<0.001) as single WHO criterion of severe malaria was associated to IC need.

Fig. 2.
Aspartate aminotransferase levels (A) and N_WHO criteria (B) between ICU and non-ICU patients. Intensive Care Unit (ICU) group showed a significantly higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST) value (A) and higher number of WHO criteria (B) compared to non-ICU group.

Univariate analysis showed that the number of WHO criteria (p<0.001), time to parasite clearance (p = 0.012), levels of serum AST (p = 0.004) and bilirubin (p = 0.003) at admission were associated with IC. Multivariate analysis showed that the number of WHO criteria (Odd Ratio [OR] = 2.58; confidence interval [CI] = 1.36–4.91; p = 0.004) and AST value (OR = 1.01; CI = 1.00–1.02; p = 0.037) were independently associated with IC (Table 3).

Tab. 3. Logistic regression model to evaluate risk factors associated with IC.
Logistic regression model to evaluate risk factors associated with IC.

Discussion

Malaria remains a substantial problem in non-endemic countries. In this series of patients recruited over a 8-year period, 10 patients required IC, with a 4-day median delay of malaria diagnosis; all of them had been infected in West Africa and none of them received anti-malaria chemoprophylaxis. In a non-endemic country, any imported severe malaria case is a medical emergency, often complicated by a delayed access to care, diagnosis and initiation of specific parenteral therapy. The capacity of the different national health systems for reporting malaria cases varies substantially and depends on the capacity for a reliable diagnosis [14]. Unspecific febrile symptoms and low quality microscopy reading in non-specialised laboratories can delay diagnosis [15]. In this series of patients, P. falciparum was the main causing species although there were some P. vivax cases, with one of them requiring IC. There have been increasing reports of severe malaria caused by P. vivax [2].

Severe malaria may rapidly evolve to an unfavourable prognosis requiring IC with a case-fatality rate between 5 and 10%. Therefore, identifying severe malaria patients at higher risk of death is of paramount importance. However, not all WHO criteria have the same predictive value for the early identification of patients with unfavourable prognosis. In the 400-patient cohort study conducted in France by Bruneel et al., three baseline variables independently predicted death: older age, coma and high parasite density [16]. In our study, five prognostic malaria scores were calculated for each ICU patient (MSA, CAM, R-CAM, MSS, GCRBS score) and clinical severity at ICU admission was assessed using both SOFA and q-SOFA scores. In this study, most ICU patients had a medium-high SOFA score with a high SOFA-related mortality predictive value. In addition, there was a positive correlation between SOFA, a non-specific malaria score, and GCRBS, a specific malaria score. An early assessment of the severity status of the patient by specific score is required at admission to rapidly decide whether the patient needs to be admitted in ICU. Applying both malaria-specific (GCRBS) and general (SOFA) scores to severe malaria patients could be the best approach to assess the need for IC.

The findings of this study have few limitations. First, this is a retrospective and cross-sectional study conducted in a single centre. Second, the small number of enrolled patients, especially those requiring ICU admission, could affect the generalization of our results to a wider population. However, our results are consistent with data from previous studies. In a recent review on the clinical management of imported severe malaria in adults, the authors recommended an assessment by ICU staff for all patients with malaria even if presenting one severity criterion, only [17]. Moreover, patients with uncomplicated malaria but at risk of rapidly evolving towards severe malaria should be under continuous monitoring; a >2 q-SOFA score should be considered as an indication for ICU admission [17]. In our case series, patients requiring IC had a higher number of WHO criteria than the other group, and cerebral malaria, liver and respiratory failures were the most frequent observed complications. Indeed, at multivariate analysis, the number of WHO criteria and the AST level were independently associated with ICU admission. A prompt intravenous antimalarial regimen with adequate supportive therapy warranted a favourable outcome: the WHO guidelines for the treatment of severe malaria recommend the use of intravenous artesunate for at least the first 24 hours [2]. Such recommendation is based on the results of two large trials carried out in malaria-endemic countries that showed artesunate superiority to quinine in terms of efficacy (rapid decay of parasitaemia), safety (no major adverse events) and better survival [18,19]. All our patients requiring IC were treated with either quinine (4 patients before 2010 when parenteral artesunate was unavailable) or artesunate. All patients recovered without any complications or sequelae.

Conclusions

Considering that severe malaria may rapidly evolve to an unfavourable prognosis, a prompt and accurate evaluation for ICU admission is needed. According to our results, the assessment of both malarial and non-malarial severity scores may contribute to the proper management of severe malaria. Specifically, the number of WHO criteria and AST plasma level can predict the need of intensive care.

Supporting information

S1 Table [docx]
Strobe checklist.

S1 File [xlsx]
Dataset.


Zdroje

1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Annual epidemiological report 2014- emerging and vector-borne disease. Stockholm: ECDC; 2014

2. WHO. World malaria report 2015.World Health Organization, Geneva 2015.

3. Marks M, Gupta-Wright A, Doherty JF, Singer M and Walker D. Managing malaria in the intesive care unit. Br J Anaesth. 2014 Dec; 113(6): 910–921. doi: 10.1093/bja/aeu157 24946778

4. Arama C., Maiga B, Dolo A, Kouriba B., Traore B., Crompton PD., et al. Ethnic differeces in susceptibility to malaria: what have we learned from immuno-epidemiological studies in West Africa? Acta Trop 2015 Jun; 146:152–6. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.03.023 25820030

5. Greenberg AE., Lobel HO. Mortality from Plasmodium falciparum malaria in travellers from the United States, 1959 to 1987. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113(4): 326–7. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-113-4-326 2197915

6. Sabatinelli G., D’Ancona F., Majori G., Squarcione S. Fatal malaria in Italian travellers. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1994; 88:(3):314 doi: 10.1016/0035-9203(94)90097-3 7974674

7. WHO. World malaria report 2010.World Health Organization, Geneva 2010.

8. Mishra SK, Panigrahi P, Mishra R, Mohanty S. Prediction of outcome in adults with severe falciparum malaria: a new scoring system. Malar J 2007;6:24. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-6-24 17326839

9. Hanson J, Lee SJ, Mohanty S, Faiz MA, Anstey NM, Charunwatthana P., et al. A simple score to predict the outcome of severe malaria in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2010;50:679–85. doi: 10.1086/649928 20105074

10. Mohapatra MK, Das SP. The malaria severity score: a method for severity assessment and risk prediction of hospital mortality for falciparum malaria in adults. J. Assoc Physicians India. 2009; 57:119–26. 19582979

11. Mohapatra BN., Janqid SK., Mohanty R. GCRBS score: a new scoring system for predicting outcome in severe falciparum malaria. J. Assoc Physicians India. 2014; 62(1)14–7. 25327086

12. Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, Willotts S, De Mendronca A, Bruining H et al. The SOFA (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the Working Group on Sepsis-related problems of the European Society of Intensive care medicine. Intensive Care Med 1996;22:707–10. doi: 10.1007/bf01709751 8844239

13. Seymour CM, Liu VX, Iwashyna TJ, Brukhorst FM, Rea TD, Scherag A. et al. Assessment of Clinical Criteria for Sepsis: for the third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (sepsis-3). JAMA 2016. 23; 315(8):762–74. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.0288 26903335

14. Tatem AJ, Jia P, Ordanovich D, Falkner M., Huang Z., Howes R. et al. The geography of imported malaria to non-endemic countries: a meta-analysis of nationally reported statistics. Lancet Infect Dis 2017; 17: 98–107. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30326-7 27777030

15. Kain KC, Harrington MA, Tennyson S, Keystone JS. Imported malaria: prospective analysis of problems in diagnosis and management. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27: 142–49. doi: 10.1086/514616 9675468

16. Bruneel F, Tubach F, Corne P, Megarbane B, Mira JP, Peytel E,et al. Severe Imported Malaria in Adults (SIMA) Study Group. Severe imported falciparum malaria: a cohort study in 400 critically ill adults. PLoS One. 2010 Oct 8;5(10):e13236. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013236 20949045

17. Bruneel F., Raffetin A, Corne P, Llitjos JF, Mourvillier B, Argaud L,et al. Management of severe imported malaria in adults. Med Mal Infect. 2018 Sep 25. pii: S0399-077X(18)30587-0.

18. Dondorp AM, Fanello CI, Hendriksen IC, Gomes E., Seni A., Chhaganlal KD et al. Artesunate versus quinine in the treatment of severe falciparum malaria in African children (AQUAMAT). Lancet. 2010; 376:1647–1657. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61924-1 21062666

19. Dondorp A, Nosten F, Stepniewska K, Day N, White N; South East Asian Quinine Artesunate Malaria Trial (SEAQUAMAT) group. Lancet 2005; 366: 717–25. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67176-0 16125588


Článek vyšel v časopise

PLOS One


2019 Číslo 11
Nejčtenější tento týden
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
Kurzy Podcasty Doporučená témata Časopisy
Přihlášení
Zapomenuté heslo

Zadejte e-mailovou adresu, se kterou jste vytvářel(a) účet, budou Vám na ni zaslány informace k nastavení nového hesla.

Přihlášení

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte se

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#