#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Inbreeding, Allee effects and stochasticity might be sufficient to account for Neanderthal extinction


Autoři: Krist Vaesen aff001;  Fulco Scherjon aff002;  Lia Hemerik aff003;  Alexander Verpoorte aff002
Působiště autorů: School of Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands aff001;  Human Origins Group, Faculty of Archaeology, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands aff002;  Biometris, Mathematical and Statistical Methods, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands aff003
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(11)
Kategorie: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225117

Souhrn

The replacement of Neanderthals by Anatomically Modern Humans has typically been attributed to environmental pressure or a superiority of modern humans with respect to competition for resources. Here we present two independent models that suggest that no such heatedly debated factors might be needed to account for the demise of Neanderthals. Starting from the observation that Neanderthal populations already were small before the arrival of modern humans, the models implement three factors that conservation biology identifies as critical for a small population’s persistence, namely inbreeding, Allee effects and stochasticity. Our results indicate that the disappearance of Neanderthals might have resided in the smallness of their population(s) alone: even if they had been identical to modern humans in their cognitive, social and cultural traits, and even in the absence of inter-specific competition, Neanderthals faced a considerable risk of extinction. Furthermore, we suggest that if modern humans contributed to the demise of Neanderthals, that contribution might have had nothing to do with resource competition, but rather with how the incoming populations geographically restructured the resident populations, in a way that reinforced Allee effects, and the effects of inbreeding and stochasticity.

Klíčová slova:

Conservation biology – Extinction risk – Inbreeding – Neanderthals – Paleoanthropology – Paleogenetics – Population size – Species extinction


Zdroje

1. Higham T, Douka K, Wood R, Ramsey CB, Brock F, Basell L et al. The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance. Nature 512(7514): 306–309 (2014). doi: 10.1038/nature13621 25143113

2. Liu W, Martinón-Torres M, Cai Y, Xing S, Tong H, Pei S et al. The earliest unequivocally modern humans in southern China. Nature 526: 696–700 (2015). doi: 10.1038/nature15696 26466566

3. Hublin JJ, Ben-Ncer A, Bailey SE, Freidline SE, Neubauer S, Skinner MM et al. New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens. Nature 546: 289–292 (2017). doi: 10.1038/nature22336 28593953

4. Posth C, Wißing C, Kitagawa K, Pagani L, van Holstein L, Racimo F et al. Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals. Nature communications 8: 16046 (2017). doi: 10.1038/ncomms16046 28675384

5. Hershkovitz I, Weber GW, Quam R, Duval M, Grün R, Kinsley L et al. The earliest modern humans outside Africa. Science 359: 456–459 (2018). doi: 10.1126/science.aap8369 29371468

6. Hajdinjak M, Fu Q, Hübner A, Petr M, Mafessoni F, Grote S et al. Reconstructing the genetic history of late Neanderthals. Nature 555(7698): 652–656 (2018). doi: 10.1038/nature26151 29562232

7. Stringer C. Human evolution: Out of Ethiopia. Nature 423(6941): 692–695 (2003). doi: 10.1038/423692a 12802315

8. Klein RG. Out of Africa and the evolution of human behavior. Evol Anthropol 17(6): 267–281 (2008).

9. Smith FH, Janković I, Karavanić I. The assimilation model, modern human origins in Europe, and the extinction of Neandertals. Quat Int 137(1): 7–19 (2005).

10. Benazzi S, Douka K, Fornai C, Bauer CC, Kullmer O. Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour. Nature 479: 525–528 (2011). doi: 10.1038/nature10617 22048311

11. Higham T, Compton T, Stringer C, Jacobi R, Shapiro B, Trinkaus E et al. The earliest evidence for anatomically modern humans in northwestern Europe. Nature 479: 521–524 (2011). doi: 10.1038/nature10484 22048314

12. Hublin JJ. The modern human colonization of western Eurasia: when and where? Quat. Sci. Rev. 118: 194–210 (2015).

13. Finlayson C. On the importance of coastal areas in the survival of Neanderthal populations during the Late Pleistocene. Quat Sci Rev 27(23): 2246–2252 (2008).

14. Müller UC, Pross J, Tzedakis PC, Gamble C, Kotthoff U, Schmiedl G et al. The role of climate in the spread of modern humans into Europe. Quat Sci Rev 30(3): 273–279 (2011).

15. Tzedakis PC, Hughen KA, Cacho I, Harvati K. Placing late Neanderthals in a climatic context. Nature 449(7159): 206–208 (2007). doi: 10.1038/nature06117 17851522

16. Jimenez-Espejo FJ, Jiménez-Espejo FJ, Martínez-Ruiz F, Finlayson C, Paytan A, Sakamoto T, Ortega-Huertas M et al. Climate forcing and Neanderthal extinction in southern Iberia: insights from a multiproxy marine record. Quat Sc Rev 26: 836–852 (2007).

17. Golovanova LV, Doronichev VB, Cleghorn NE, Koulkova MA, Sapelko TV, Shackley MS. Significance of ecological factors in the middle to upper-paleolithic transition. Curr Anthropol 51: 655–691 (2010).

18. Sørensen B. Demography and the extinction of European Neanderthals. J Anthropol Arch 30: 17–29 (2011).

19. Villa P, Roebroeks W. Neandertal Demise: An Archaeological Analysis of the Modern Human Superiority Complex. PLoS ONE 9(4): e96424 (2014). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096424 24789039

20. Underdown S. A potential role for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in Neanderthal extinction. Med Hypotheses 71(1): 4–7 (2008). doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.12.014 18280671

21. Wolff H, Greenwood AD. Did viral disease of humans wipe out the Neandertals? Med Hypotheses 75(1): 99–105 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.01.048 20172660

22. Mellars PA. The Impossible Coincidence. A Single-Species Model for the Origins of Modern Human Behavior in Europe. Evol Anthropol 14: 12–27 (2005).

23. Marean CW. From the tropics to the colder climates: contrasting faunal exploitation adaptations of modern humans and Neanderthals. In From Tools to Symbols. From Early Hominids to Modern Humans (eds d’Errico F, Backwell L) 333–371 (Witwatersrand University Press 2005).

24. Marean CW, Bar-Matthews M, Bernatchez J, Fisher E, Goldberg P, Herries AIR, Jacobs Z et al. Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene. Nature 449: 905–908 (2007). doi: 10.1038/nature06204 17943129

25. Brown KS, Marean CW, Jacobs Z, Schoville BJ, Oestmo S, Fisher EC et al. An early and enduring advanced technology originating 71,000 years ago in South Africa. Nature 491: 590–593 (2012). doi: 10.1038/nature11660 23135405

26. Shea JJ, Sisk ML. Complex projectile technology and Homo sapiens dispersal into western Eurasia. PaleoAnthropology 2010: 100–122 (2010).

27. Shea JJ. The ecological impact of projectile weaponry in Late Pleistocene human evolution. In The evolution of hominid diets: integrating approaches to the study of Paleolithic subsistence (eds Hublin JJ, Richards MP) 189–199 (Springer 2009).

28. Brown KS, Marean CW, Herries AIR, Jacobs Z, Tribolo C, Braun D et al. Fire As an Engineering Tool of Early Modern Humans. Science 325: 859–862 (2009). doi: 10.1126/science.1175028 19679810

29. Wadley L, Hodgskiss T, Grant M. Implications for complex cognition from the hafting of tools with compound adhesives in the Middle Stone Age, South Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106: 9590–9594 (2009). doi: 10.1073/pnas.0900957106 19433786

30. Wynn T. Hafted spears and the archaeology of mind. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106: 9544–9545 (2009). doi: 10.1073/pnas.0904369106 19506246

31. Nash D, Coulson S, Staurset S, Stewart Ullyott JS, Babutsi M, Hopkinson L et al. Provenancing of silcrete raw materials indicates long-distance transport to Tsodilo Hills, Botswana, during the Middle Stone Age. J Hum Evol 64: 280–288 (2013). doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.010 23453438

32. Hockett B, Haws JA. Nutritional ecology and the human demography of Neandertal extinction. Quat Int 137: 21–34 (2005).

33. Wynn T, Coolidge FL. The implications of the working memory model for the evolution of modern cognition. Int J Evol Biol 2011: 741357 (2011). doi: 10.4061/2011/741357 21716664

34. Banks WE, d'Errico F, Peterson AT, Kageyama M, Sima A, Sánchez-Goñi M. Neanderthal extinction by competitive exclusion. PLoS ONE 3(12): e3972 (2008). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003972 19107186

35. Zubrow EBW. The demographic modelling of Neanderthal extinction. In The human revolution (eds Mellars P, Stringer C) 212–231 (Edinburgh University Press 1989).

36. Flores JC. A Mathematical Model for Neanderthal Extinction. J Theor Biol 191: 295–298 (1998). doi: 10.1006/jtbi.1997.0581 9631569

37. Flores JC. Diffusion coefficient of Modern Humans outcompeting Neanderthals. J Theor Biol 280: 189–190 (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2011.04.008 21540038

38. Murray JD. Mathematical Biology (Springer 2004).

39. Gilpin W, Feldman MW, Aoki K. An ecocultural model predicts Neanderthal extinction through competition with modern humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113(8): 2134–2139 (2016). doi: 10.1073/pnas.1524861113 26831111

40. Horan RD, Bulte E, Shogren JF. How trade saved humanity from biological exclusion: an economic theory of Neanderthal extinction. J Econ Behav Organ 58: 1–29 (2005).

41. Goldfield AN, Booton R, Marston JM. Modeling the role of fire and cooking in the competitive exclusion of Neanderthals. J Hum Evol 124: 91–104 (2018). doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.07.006 30177445

42. French JC, Demography and the Palaeolithic archaeological record, J Archaeol Meth Theor 1;23(1):150–99 (2016).

43. Soulé ME. Viable populations for conservation (Cambridge University Press 1987).

44. Prüfer K, Racimo F, Patterson N, Jay F, Sankararaman S, Sawyer S et al. The complete genome sequence of a Neanderthal from the Altai Mountains. Nature 505: 43–49 (2014). doi: 10.1038/nature12886 24352235

45. Kuhlwilm K, Gronau I, Hubisz MJ, de Filippo C, Prado-Martinez J, Kircher M et al. Ancient gene flow from early modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals. Nature 530: 429–433 (2017).

46. Mafessoni F, Prüfer K. Better support for a small effective population size of Neandertals and a long shared history of Neandertals and Denisovans. Proc Nat Ac Sc 114: 16918 (2017).

47. Rogers AR, Bohlender RJ and Huff CD. Early history of Neanderthals and Denisovans. Proc Nat Ac Sc 114(37): 9859–9863 (2017).

48. Castellano S, Parra G, Sánchez-Quinto FA, Racimo F, Kuhlwilm M, Kircher M et al., Patterns of coding variation in the complete exomes of three Neandertals, Proc Nat Acad Sc 111(18):6666–71 (2014)

49. Churchill SE, Thin on the ground: Neandertal biology, archeology and ecology (John Wiley & Sons 2014)

50. Bocquet-Appel J, Degioanni A. Neanderthal Demographic Estimates. Curr Anthropol 54(8): 202–2013 (2013).

51. Courchamp F, Berec L, Gascoigne B. Allee effects in Ecology and Conservation (Oxford University Press 2008).

52. Finlayson C. Neanderthals, Modern Humans (Cambridge University Press 2004).

53. Ríos L, Rosas A, Estalrrich A, García-Tabernero A, Bastir M, Huguet R et al. Possible Further Evidence of Low Genetic Diversity in the El Sidrón (Asturias, Spain) Neandertal Group: Congenital Clefts of the Atlas. PLoS ONE 10(9): e0136550 (2015). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136550 26418427

54. Prüfer K, de Filippo C, Grote S, Mafessoni F, Korlevic P, Hajdinjak M at al. A high-coverage Neandertal genome from Vindija Cave in Croatia. Science, doi: 10.1126/science.aao1887 (2017). 28982794

55. Sikora M, Seguin-Orlando A, Sousa VC, Albrechtsen A, Korneliussen T, Ko A et al. Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behavior of early Upper Paleolithic foragers, Science 358(6363):659–62 (2017). doi: 10.1126/science.aao1807 28982795

56. Harris K, Nielsen R, The genetic cost of Neanderthal introgression, Genetics 203(2):881–91 (2016). doi: 10.1534/genetics.116.186890 27038113

57. Courchamp F, Clutton-Brock T, Grenfell B. Multipack dynamics and the Allee effect in the African wild dog, Lycaon pictus. Animal Conservation 3: 277–285 (2000).

58. Caswell H. Matrix Population Models: Construction, Analysis, and Interpretation. (Sinauer 2001).

59. Lacy RC. VORTEX: A computer simulation model for Population Viability Analysis. Wildlife Research 20: 45–65 (1993).

60. Lacy RC. Structure of the VORTEX simulation model for population viability analysis. Ecological Bulletins 48: 191–203 (2000).

61. Lacy RC, Pollak JP. Vortex: A stochastic simulation of the extinction process. Version 10.0. Chicago Zoological Society, Brookfield, Illinois, USA (2014).

62. Kelly RL. The lifeways of hunter-gatherers: the foraging spectrum. (Cambridge University Press 2013).

63. Coale AJ, Demeny P. Regional Model Life Tables and Stable Populations (2nd edition). (Princeton University Press 1983).

64. Chamberlain A. Demography in archaeology. (Cambridge University Press 2006).

65. Tuljapurkar SD, Orzack SH. Population dynamics in variable environments, I: Long-run growth rates and extinction. Theor Pop Biol 18: 314–342 (1980).

66. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Bodmer WF. The genetics of human populations. (Free-man 1971).

67. Chakraborty R, Chakravarti A. On consanguineous marriages and the genetic load. Hum Genet 36(1): 47–54 (1977). doi: 10.1007/bf00390435 870410

68. Bittles AH, Neel JV. The costs of human inbreeding and their implications for variations at the DNA level. Nat Genet 8(2): 117–121 (1994). doi: 10.1038/ng1094-117 7842008

69. Gao Z, Waggoner D, Stephens M, Ober C, Przeworski M. An estimate of the average number of recessive lethal mutations carried by humans. Genetics 199: 1243–1254 (2015). doi: 10.1534/genetics.114.173351 25697177

70. Narasimhan VM, Hunt K, Mason D, Baker CL, Karczewski KJ, Barnes MR et al. Health and population effects of rare gene knockouts in adult humans with related parents. Science 352(6284): 474–477 (2016). doi: 10.1126/science.aac8624 26940866

71. Molnár PK, Lewis MA, Derocher AE. Estimating Allee Dynamics before They Can Be Observed: Polar Bears as a Case Study. PLoS ONE 9(1): e85410 (2014). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085410 24427306

72. Lalueza-Fox C, Rosas A, Estalrrich A, Gigli E, Campos PF, García-Tabernero A et al., Genetic evidence for patrilocal mating behavior among Neandertal groups, Proc Nat Acad Sc 108(1):250–3 (2011).

73. Kolodny O, Feldman MW. A parsimonious neutral model suggests Neanderthal replacement was determined by migration and random species drift. Nature communications 8(1): 1040 (2017). doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-01043-z 29089499

74. Pettit PB. Disappearing from the world: An archaeological perspective on Neanderthal extinction. Oxf J Archaeol 18(3): 217–240 (1999).

75. Hrdy SB. Mother and Others: the Evolutionary Origins of Mutual Understanding. (Harvard University Press 2009).

76. Hublin JJ, Roebroeks W. Ebb and flow or regional extinctions? On the character of Neandertal occupation of northern environments. Pal Evol 8: 503–509 (2009).

77. Pennington R, Hunter-gatherer demography. In: Panter-Brick C (ed), Hunter-gathers: an interdisciplinary perspective (Cambridge University Press 2001, pp. 170–204)

78. Finlayson C, Pacheco FG, Rodríguez-Vidal J, Fa DA, Gutierrez López JM, Pérez ASet al. Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe. Nature 443(19): 850–854 (2006).


Článek vyšel v časopise

PLOS One


2019 Číslo 11
Nejčtenější tento týden
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvyšte si kvalifikaci online z pohodlí domova

KOST
Koncepce osteologické péče pro gynekology a praktické lékaře
nový kurz
Autoři: MUDr. František Šenk

Sekvenční léčba schizofrenie
Autoři: MUDr. Jana Hořínková

Hypertenze a hypercholesterolémie – synergický efekt léčby
Autoři: prof. MUDr. Hana Rosolová, DrSc.

Svět praktické medicíny 5/2023 (znalostní test z časopisu)

Imunopatologie? … a co my s tím???
Autoři: doc. MUDr. Helena Lahoda Brodská, Ph.D.

Všechny kurzy
Kurzy Podcasty Doporučená témata Časopisy
Přihlášení
Zapomenuté heslo

Zadejte e-mailovou adresu, se kterou jste vytvářel(a) účet, budou Vám na ni zaslány informace k nastavení nového hesla.

Přihlášení

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte se

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#