#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

How effective are films in inducing positive and negative emotional states? A meta-analysis


Autoři: Luz Fernández-Aguilar aff001;  Beatriz Navarro-Bravo aff001;  Jorge Ricarte aff001;  Laura Ros aff001;  Jose Miguel Latorre aff001
Působiště autorů: Psychology Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete (Spain) aff001;  Applied Cognitive Psychology Unit, Medical School, University of Castilla La-Mancha, Albacete (Spain) aff002;  Unidad de Investigación, Fundación del Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Albacete (Spain) aff003
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(11)
Kategorie: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225040

Souhrn

Meta-analyses and reviews on emotion research have shown the use of film clips to be one of the most effective methods of mood induction. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of this method when positive, negative and neutral emotional targets are studied under similar experimental conditions is currently unknown. This comprehensive meta-analysis included only studies that implemented neutral, positive and negative mood inductions to evaluate the effectiveness of the film clip method as a mood induction procedure. In addition, several factors related to the films, sample and experimental procedure used, the number of emotional categories, for example, or the number of film clips watched, were included to study their influence on the effectiveness of this mood induction procedure. Forty-five studies were included with 6675 participants and 12 possible moderator variables according to the sample and the research procedure. Our findings suggest that film clips are especially powerful in inducing negative mood states (Hedges’ g for valence = -1.49 and for arousal = -1.77) although they are also effective inducers of positive mood states (Hedges’ g for valence of = . -1.22 and for arousal = -1.34). Additionally, this meta-analysis reveals that variables, such as the number of emotional categories or the type of stimulus used to measure the baseline, should be considered.

Klíčová slova:

Behavior – Elderly – Emotions – Experimental design – Fear – Happiness – Publication ethics


Zdroje

1. Kreibig SD, Samson AC, Gross JJ. The psychophysiology of mixed emotional states. Psychophysiology. 2013; 50: 799–811. doi: 10.1111/psyp.12064 23730872

2. Kuo JR, Neacsiu AD, Fitzpatrick S, MacDonald DE. A methodological examination of emotion inductions in borderline personality disorder: A comparison of standardized versus idiographic stimuli. J Psychopathol Behav Assess. 2014; 36: 155–64. doi: 10.1007/s10862-013-9378-x

3. * Vianna EPM, Weinstock J, Elliott D, Summers R, Tranel D. Increased feelings with increased body signals. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2006; 1: 37–48. doi: 10.1093/scan/nsl005 18985099

4. Martin M. On the induction of mood. Clin Psychol Rev. 1990; 10: 669–97. doi: 10.1016/0272-7358(90)90075-L

5. Westermann R, Spies K, Stahl G, Hesse FW. Relative effectiveness and validity of mood induction procedures: A meta-analysis. Eur J Soc Psychol. 1996; 26: 557–80. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199607)26:4<557:AID-EJSP769>3.0.CO;2–4

6. Gerrard-Hesse A, Spies K, Hesse FW. Experimental inductions of emotional states and their effectiveness: a review. Br J Psychol. 1994; 85: 55–78. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1994.tb02508.x

7. Pennebaker JW, Chung CK. Expressive Writing, Emotional Upheavals, and Health. In: Silver HSFRC, editor. Foundations of health psychology. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press; 2007. p. 263–84.

8. Philippot P, Schaefer A, Herbette G. Consequences of specific processing of emotional information: Impact of general versus specific autobiographical memory priming on emotion elicitation. Emotion. 2003; 3: 270–83. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.3.3.270 14498796

9. Velten E. A laboratory task for induction of mood states. Netherlands: Elsevier Science; 1968. p. 473–82.

10. Wegener DT, Petty RE. Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994; 66: 1034–48. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.66.6.1034 8046576

11. Velasco C, Bond A. Personal relevance is an important dimension for visceral reactivity in emotional imagery. Cogn Emot. 1998; 12: 231–42. doi: 10.1080/026999398379736

12. Miller MW, Patrick CJ, Levenston GK. Affective imagery and the startle response: Probing mechanisms of modulation during pleasant scenes, personal experiences and discrete negative emotions. Psychophysiology. 2002; 39: 519–29. doi: 10.1017/s0048577202394095 12212644

13. Bradley MM, Lang PJ. International Affective Digitized Sounds (IADS): Stimuli, instruction manual and affective ratings. Gainesville, FL: Center for Research in Psychophysiology, University of Florida; 1999b

14. Gagnon L, Peretz I. Mode and tempo relative contributions to “happy-sad” judgments in equitone melodies. Cogn Emot. 2003; 19: 25–40. doi: 10.1080/02699930302279 29715736

15. Bradley MM, Lang PJ. The International Affective Pictures Systems (IAPS) in the study of emotion and attention. In: Cohan JA, Allen JB, editors. Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment New York, NY: Oxford University Press2007. p. 29–46.

16. Ekman P, Friesen WV, Hager JC. The Facial Action Coding System. Salt Lake City UT: Research Nexus eBook. 2002.

17. Nummenmaa L, Niemi P. Inducing affective states with success-failure manipulations: a meta-analysis. Emotion. 2004; 4: 207–14. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.4.2.207 15222857

18. Harmon-Jones E, Amodio DM, Zinner LR. Social psychological methods of emotion elicitation. In: Allen JACJJB, editor. Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment. Series in affective science. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press; 2007. p. 91–105.

19. Baños RM, Botella C, Rubio I, Quero S, Garcia-Palacios A, Alcaniz M. Presence and emotions in virtual environments: the influence of stereoscopy. Cyberpsychol Behav. 2008; 11: 1–8. doi: 10.1089/cpb.2007.9936 18275306

20. Opris D, Pintea S, Garcia-Palacios A, Botella C, Szamoskozi S, David D. Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: a quantitative meta-analysis. Depress Anxiety. 2012; 29: 85–93. doi: 10.1002/da.20910 22065564

21. * Rottenberg J, Ray RD, Gross JJ. Emotion elicitation using films. In: Allen JACJJB, editor. Handbook of emotion elicitation and assessment. Series in affective science. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press; 2007. p. 9–28.

22. Lench HC, Flores SA, Bench SW. Discrete emotions predict changes in cognition, judgment, experience, behavior, and physiology: A meta-analysis of experimental emotion elicitations. Psychol Bull. 2011; 137: 834–55. doi: 10.1037/a0024244 21766999

23. Laird JD. The real role of facial response in the experience of emotion: A reply to Tourangeau and Ellsworth, and others. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1984; 47: 909–17. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.47.4.909

24. Västfjäll D. Emotion induction through music: A review of the musical mood induction procedure. Music Sci. 2001; Spec Issue, 2001–2002: 173–211. doi: 10.1177/10298649020050S107

25. * Carvalho S, Leite J, Galdo-Álvarez S, Gonçalves ÓF. The emotional movie database (EMDB): A self-report and psychophysiological study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2012; 37: 279–94. doi: 10.1007/s10484-012-9201-6 22767079

26. Philippot P. Inducing and assessing differentiated emotion-feeling states in the laboratory. Cogn Emot. 1993; 7: 171–93. doi: 10.1080/02699939308409183 27102736

27. Koukounas E, Over R. Changes in the magnitude of the eyeblink startle response during habituation of sexual arousal. Behav Res Ther. 2000; 38: 573–84. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00075-3 10846806

28. * Schaefer A, Nils F, Sanchez X, Philippot P. Assessing the effectiveness of a large database of emotion-eliciting films: A new tool for emotion researchers. Cogn Emot. 2010; 24: 1153–72. doi: 10.1080/02699930903274322

29. Fernández CF, Mateos JCP, Ribaudi JS, Fernández-Abascal EG. Spanish validation of an emotion-eliciting set of films. Psicothema. 2011; 23:778–85. 22047873

30. Frazier TW, Strauss ME, Steinhauer SR. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia as an index of emotional response in young adults. Psychiophysiology. 2004; 41: 75–83. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-8986.2003.00131.x 14693002

31. * Falkenstern M, Schiffrin HH, Nelson SK, Ford L, Keyser C. Mood over matter: Can happiness be your undoing? J Posit Psychol. 2009; 4: 365–71. doi: 10.1080/17439760902992415

32. Mikita N, Mehta MA, Zelaya FO, Stringaris A. Using arterial spin labeling to examine mood states in youth. Brain Behav. 2015; 5: 1–13. doi: 10.1002/brb3.308

33. * Hagemann D, Naumann E, Maier S, Becker G, Lürken A, Bartussek D. The assessment of affective reactivity using films: Validity, reliability and sex differences. Pers Individ Dif. 1999; 26: 627–39. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00159-7

34. * Jenkins LM, Andrewes DG. A new set of standardised verbal and nonverbal contemporary film stimuli for the elicitation of emotions. Brain Impair. 2012; 13: 212–27. doi: 10.1017/BrImp.2012.18

35. Gross JJ, Levenson RW. Emotion elicitation using films. Cogn Emot. 1995; 9: 87–108. doi: 10.1080/02699939508408966

36. Gagnier JJ, Moher D, Boon H, Beyene J, Bombardier C. Investigating clinical heterogeneity in systematic reviews: a methodologic review of guidance in the literature. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2012; 12: 111. doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-12-111 22846171

37. Thompson SG. Why sources of heterogeneity in meta-analysis should be investigated. BMJ. 1994; 309: 1351–5. doi: 10.1136/bmj.309.6965.1351 7866085

38. Russell A. A circumplex model of affect. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1980; 39: 1161–78. doi: 10.1037/h0077714

39. Ekman P. All emotions are basic. In: Ekman P, Davidson P, Davidson RJ, editors. The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions. New York: Oxford University Press 1994. p. 15–9.

40. Rosenberg E. L., & Ekman P. Coherence between expressive and experiential systems in emotion. Cogn Emot. 1994; 8: 201–229. doi: 10.1080/02699939408408938

41. Averill JR, Ekman P, Panksepp J, Scherer KR, Shweder RA, Davidson RJ. Are there basic emotions? The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions. Series in affective science. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press; 1994. p. 5–47.

42. Izard CE. The psychology of emotions. New York, NY, US: Plenum Press; 1991.

43. Christie IC, Friedman BH. Autonomic specificity of discrete emotion and dimensions of affective space: A multivariate approach. Int J Psychophysiol. 2004; 51: 143–53. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2003.08.002 14693364

44. Bradley MM, Lang PJ. Measuring emotion: the Self-Assessment Manikin and the Semantic Differential. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 1994; 25: 49–59. doi: 10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9 7962581

45. Bradley MM. Emotion and motivation. Handbook of psychophysiology, 2nd ed. New York, NY, US: Cambridge University Press; 2000. p. 602–42.

46. Gray J. No easy answers to hard or easy questions. Behav Brain Sci. 2001; 24: 191–3. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X0125393X

47. Mauss IB, Robinson MD. Measures of emotion: A review. In: Hermans JDHD, editor. Cognition and emotion: Reviews of current research and theories. New York, NY, US: Psychology Press; 2010. p. 99–127.

48. Harada T, Hayashi A, Sadato N, Iidaka T. Neural correlates of emotional contagion induced by happy and sad expressions. J Psychophysiol. 2016; 30: 114–23. doi: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000160

49. * Gruber J, Hay AC, Gross JJ. Rethinking emotion: Cognitive reappraisal is an effective positive and negative emotion regulation strategy in bipolar disorder. Emotion. 2014; 14: 388–96. doi: 10.1037/a0035249 24364852

50. * Koval P, Pe ML, Meers K, Kuppens P. Affect dynamics in relation to depressive symptoms: variable, unstable or inert? Emotion. 2013; 13: 1132–41. doi: 10.1037/a0033579 23914765

51. * Gruber J, Harvey AG, Purcell A. What goes up can come down? A preliminary investigation of emotion reactivity and emotion recovery in bipolar disorder. J Affect Disord. 2011; 133: 457–66. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.009 21665287

52. * McMakin D. L., Santiago C. D., & Shirk S. R. The time course of positive and negative emotion in dysphoria. J Posit Psychol. 2009; 4: 182–192. doi: 10.1080/17439760802650600 20190879

53. Deng Y, Chang L, Yang M, Huo M, Zhou R. Gender Differences in Emotional Response: Inconsistency between Experience and Expressivity. PLoS One. 2016; 11: e0158666. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158666 27362361

54. Gard MG, Kring AM. Sex differences in the time course of emotion. Emotion. 2007; 7:429–37. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.429 17516819

55. Biele C, Grabowska A. Sex differences in perception of emotion intensity in dynamic and static facial expressions. Exp Brain Res. 2006; 171: 1–6. doi: 10.1007/s00221-005-0254-0 16628369

56. Charles ST. Strength and vulnerability integration: a model of emotional well-being across adulthood. Psychol Bull. 2010; 136: 1068–91. doi: 10.1037/a0021232 21038939

57. Lavrakas PJ. Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods. 2008.

58. Bryant J, Miron D. Excitation-transfer theory and three-factor theory of emotion. Communication and emotion: Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann. LEA's communication series. Mahwah, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers; 2003. p. 31–59.

59. * Hewig J, Hagemann D, Seifert J, Gollwitzer M, Naumann E, Bartussek D. A revised film set for the induction of basic emotions. Cogn Emot. 2005; 19: 1095–109. doi: 10.1080/02699930541000084

60. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009; 151: 264–9. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 19622511

61. * Fajula C, Bonin-Guillaume S, Jouve E, Blin O. Emotional reactivity assessment of healthy elderly with an emotion-induction procedure. Exp Aging Res. 2013; 39: 109–24. doi: 10.1080/0361073X.2013.741961 23316739

62. * Gabert-Quillen CA, Bartolini EE, Abravanel BT, Sanislow CA. Ratings for emotion film clips. Behav Res Methods. 2015; 47: 773–87. doi: 10.3758/s13428-014-0500-0 24984981

63. Biostat. Comprehensive meta-analysis [computer software]. Retrieved from http://www.meta-analysis.com 2005

64. * Beaudreau SA, MacKay A, Storandt M. Older adults' responses to emotional stimuli: a cautionary note. Exp Aging Res. 2009; 35:235–49. doi: 10.1080/03610730902720513 19280449

65. * Boyano JT, Mora JA. Mood and autobiographical memory: effects on the intensity of school memories. Anales De Psicologia. 2015; 31: 1035–43. doi: 10.6018/analesps.32.1.155201

66. * Carvalho J, Pereira R, Barreto D, Nobre PJ. The Effects of Positive Versus Negative Mood States on Attentional Processes During Exposure to Erotica. Arch Sex Behav. 2016. 46: 2495–2504. doi: 10.1007/s10508-016-0875-3 27734171

67. * Cerully JL, Klein WMP. Effects of emotional state on behavioral responsiveness to personal risk feedback. J Risk Res. 2010; 13: 591–8. doi: 10.1080/13669870903192244

68. * Chou K-L, Lee TMC, Ho AHY. Does mood state change risk taking tendency in older adults? Psychol Aging. 2007; 22: 310–8. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.22.2.310 17563186

69. * Connell AM, Dawson GC, Danzo S, McKillop HN. The psychophysiology of parenting: Individual differences in autonomic reactivity to positive and negative mood inductions and observed parental affect during dyadic interactions with children. J Fam Psychol. 2017; 31: 30–40. doi: 10.1037/fam0000278 27991809

70. * Curby KM, Johnson KJ, Tyson A. Face to face with emotion: Holistic face processing is modulated by emotional state. Cogn Emot. 2012; 26: 93–102. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2011.555752 21557121

71. * Dawkins L, Acaster S, Powell JH. The effects of smoking and abstinence on experience of happiness and sadness in response to positively valenced, negatively valenced, and neutral film clips. Addict Behav. 2007; 32: 425–31. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.05.010 16824689

72. * Fernández CF, Mateos JCP, Ribaudi JS, Elices M, Portella MJ, Fernández-Abascal EG. Physiological responses induced by emotion-eliciting films. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2012; 37: 73–9. doi: 10.1007/s10484-012-9180-7 22311202

73. * Fredrickson BL, Branigan C. Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cogn Emot. 2005; 19: 313–32. doi: 10.1080/02699930441000238 21852891

74. * Gilman TL, Shaheen R, Nylocks KM, Halachoff D, Chapman J, Flynn JJ, et al. A film set for the elicitation of emotion in research: A comprehensive catalog derived from four decades of investigation. Behav Res Methods. 2017; 49: 2061–2082. doi: 10.3758/s13428-016-0842-x 28078572

75. * Gómez P, Zimmerman P, Schär SG, Danuser B. Respiratory responses associated with affective processing of film stimuli. Biol Psychol. 2005; 68: 223–35. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.06.003 15620792

76. * Hinojosa JA, Fernandez-Folgueiras U, Albert J, Santaniello G, Pozo MA, Capilla A. Negative induced mood influences word production: An event-related potentials study with a covert picture naming task. Neuropsychologia. 2017; 95: 227–39. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.12.025 28025016

77. * Jurásová K, Špajdel M. Development and assessment of film excerpts used for emotion elicitation. Act Nerv Super Rediviva. 2013; 55: 135–40.

78. * Koval P, Brose A, Pe ML, Houben M, Erbas Y, Champagne D, et al. Emotional inertia and external events: The roles of exposure, reactivity, and recovery. Emotion. 2015; 15: 625–36. doi: 10.1037/emo0000059 25844974

79. * Koval P, Sütterlin S, Kuppens P. Emotional Inertia is Associated with Lower Well-Being when Controlling for Differences in Emotional Context. Front Psychol. 2016; 6: 1997. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01997 26779099

80. * Lenton AP, Slabu L, Sedikides C, Power K. I feel good, therefore I am real: Testing the causal influence of mood on state authenticity. Cogn Emot. 2013; 27: 1202–24. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2013.778818 23574266

81. * Maffei C., Roder E., Cortesan C., Passera F., Rossi M., Segrini M., et al. Kinematic elicitation of basic emotions: A validation study in an Italian sample. Psychology. 2014; 5: 1065–78. doi: 10.4236/psych.2014.59119

82. * Overbeek TJ, van Boxtel A, Westerink JH. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia responses to induced emotional states: effects of RSA indices, emotion induction method, age, and sex. Biol Psychol. 2012; 91: 128–41. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2012.05.011 22683526

83. * Palfai T. P., & Salovey P. The influence of depressed and elated mood on deductive and inductive reasoning. Imagin Cogn Pers. 1993–1994; 13: 57–71. doi: 10.2190/FYYA-GCRU-J124-Q3B2

84. * Rottenberg J, Kasch KL, Gross JJ, Gotlib IH. Sadness and amusement reactivity differentially predict concurrent and prospective functioning in major depressive disorder. Emotion. 2002; 2: 135–46. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.2.2.135 12899187

85. * Samson AC, Kreibig SD, Soderstrom B, Wade AA, Gross JJ. Eliciting positive, negative and mixed emotional states: A film library for affective scientists. Cogn Emot. 2016; 30: 827–56. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1031089 25929696

86. * Sato W, Noguchi M, Yoshikawa S. Emotion elicitation effect of films in a Japanese sample. Soc Behav Pers. 2007; 35: 863–74. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2007.35.7.863

87. * Silvestrini N, Gendolla GHE. Mood effects on autonomic activity in mood regulation. Psychophysiology. 2007; 44: 650–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00532.x 17532804

88. * Stephens CL, Christie IC, Friedman BH. Autonomic specificity of basic emotions: evidence from pattern classification and cluster analysis. Biol Psychol. 2010; 84: 463–73. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.014 20338217

89. * Vianna EPM, Tranel D. Gastric myoelectrical activity as an index of emotional arousal. Int J Psychophysiol. 2006; 61: 70–6. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.10.019 16403424

90. * Vicente S, Biseul I, Peron J, Philippot P, Drapier S, Drapier D, et al. Subthalamic nucleus stimulation affects subjective emotional experience in Parkinson's disease patients. Neuropsychologia. 2009; 47: 1928–37. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.03.003 19428425

91. * Vicente S, Peron J, Biseul I, Ory S, Philippot P, Drapier S, et al. Subjective emotional experience at different stages of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Sci. 2011; 310: 241–7. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.06.033 21741663

92. * von Leupoldt A, Rohde J, Beregova A, Thordsen-Sorensen I, zur Nieden J, Dahme B. Films for eliciting emotional states in children. Behav Res Methods. 2007; 39: 606–609. doi: 10.3758/bf03193032 17958174

93. * Yuen KSL, Lee TMC. Could mood state affect risk-taking decisions?. J Affect Disord. 2003; 75:11–18. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00022-8 12781345

94. Sweeney SS. Relaxation. Philadeplphia: Lippincott, J. B. 1978.

95. Gray EK, Watson D. Assessing Positive and Negative Affect via Self-Repor. In: Coan JA, Allen JJB, editors. Handbook of Emotional Elicitation and Assessment. New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press; 2007. p. 171–83.

96. Leite J, Carvalho S, Galdo-Alvarez S, Alves J, Sampaio A, Goncalves OF. Affective picture modulation: valence, arousal, attention allocation and motivational significance. Int J Psychophysiol. 2012; 83: 375–81. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.12.005 22226675

97. Wang YM, Li T, Li L. Valence evaluation with approaching or withdrawing cues: directly testing valence-arousal conflict theory. Cogn Emot. 2018; 32: 904–12. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1353483 28722534

98. Baumeister RF, Bratslavsky E., Finkenauer C., & Vohs K. D. Bad is stronger than good. Rev Gen Psychol. 2001; 5: 323–70. doi: 10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323

99. Alves H, Koch A, Unkelbach C. Why Good Is More Alike Than Bad: Processing Implications. Trends Cogn Sci. 2017; 21: 69–79. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2016.12.006 28063663

100. Figueiredo HF, Bodie BL, Tauchi M, Dolgas CM, Herman JP. Stress integration after acute and chronic predator stress: differential activation of central stress circuitry and sensitization of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Endocrinology. 2003; 144: 5249–58. doi: 10.1210/en.2003-0713 12960031

101. Zillmann D. Transfer of excitation in emotional behavior. In Cacioppo JT, Petty RE, editors. Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook. New York: Guilford; 1983. p. 215–240.

102. Zillmann D. Sequential dependencies in emotional experience and behavior. In Kavanaugh RD, Zimmerberg, Fein S, editors. Emotion: Interdisciplinary perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 1996. p. 243–272.


Článek vyšel v časopise

PLOS One


2019 Číslo 11
Nejčtenější tento týden
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
Kurzy

Zvyšte si kvalifikaci online z pohodlí domova

KOST
Koncepce osteologické péče pro gynekology a praktické lékaře
nový kurz
Autoři: MUDr. František Šenk

Sekvenční léčba schizofrenie
Autoři: MUDr. Jana Hořínková

Hypertenze a hypercholesterolémie – synergický efekt léčby
Autoři: prof. MUDr. Hana Rosolová, DrSc.

Svět praktické medicíny 5/2023 (znalostní test z časopisu)

Imunopatologie? … a co my s tím???
Autoři: doc. MUDr. Helena Lahoda Brodská, Ph.D.

Všechny kurzy
Kurzy Podcasty Doporučená témata Časopisy
Přihlášení
Zapomenuté heslo

Zadejte e-mailovou adresu, se kterou jste vytvářel(a) účet, budou Vám na ni zaslány informace k nastavení nového hesla.

Přihlášení

Nemáte účet?  Registrujte se

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#