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Free will beliefs are better predicted by dualism than determinism beliefs across different cultures


Autoři: David Wisniewski aff001;  Robert Deutschländer aff001;  John-Dylan Haynes aff001
Působiště autorů: Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany aff001;  Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium aff002;  Berlin Center for Advanced Neuroimaging, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany aff003;  Clinic for Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany aff004;  Berlin Institute of Health, Max Delbrück Center and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany aff005;  Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany aff006;  Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany aff007;  SFB 940 Volition and Cognitive Control, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany aff008
Vyšlo v časopise: PLoS ONE 14(9)
Kategorie: Research Article
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221617

Souhrn

Most people believe in free will. Whether this belief is warranted or not, free will beliefs (FWB) are foundational for many legal systems and reducing FWB has effects on behavior from the motor to the social level. This raises the important question as to which specific FWB people hold. There are many different ways to conceptualize free will, and some might see physical determinism as a threat that might reduce FWB, while others might not. Here, we investigate lay FWB in a large, representative, replicated online survey study in the US and Singapore (n = 1800), assessing differences in FWB with unprecedented depth within and between cultures. Specifically, we assess the relation of FWB, as measured using the Free Will Inventory, to determinism, dualism and related concepts like libertarianism and compatibilism. We find that libertarian, compatibilist, and dualist, intuitions were related to FWB, but that these intuitions were often logically inconsistent. Importantly, direct comparisons suggest that dualism was more predictive of FWB than other intuitions. Thus, believing in free will goes hand-in-hand with a belief in a non-physical mind. Highlighting the importance of dualism for FWB impacts academic debates on free will, which currently largely focus on its relation to determinism. Our findings also shed light on how recent (neuro)scientific findings might impact FWB. Demonstrating physical determinism in the brain need not have a strong impact on FWB, due to a wide-spread belief in dualism.

Klíčová slova:

People and places – Geographical locations – North America – United States – Population groupings – Age groups – Biology and life sciences – Psychology – Behavior – Social sciences – Sociology – Culture – Cross-cultural studies – Computer and information sciences – Data acquisition – Research and analysis methods – Research design – Survey research – Surveys – Questionnaires


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