Native seed, soil and atmosphere respond to boreal forest topsoil (LFH) storage
Autoři:
Dean D. Mackenzie aff001; M. Anne Naeth aff002
Působiště autorů:
Vertex Resource Group Ltd, Sherwood Park, Alberta, Canada
aff001; Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
aff002
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(9)
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220367
Souhrn
During mining topsoil is salvaged and stockpiled until ready for reclamation, stockpiling can have detrimental effects on seed viability and soil quality. Research has assessed effects of salvage and placement depth of forest topsoil on plant community establishment, with little work on effects of storage, particularly in the boreal forest. Our research assessed boreal forest topsoil storage methods to determine effects on soil chemical and physical properties, native seed viability and germination and rhizome viability and emergence. Factors were topsoil stockpiling length, stockpile size, season of construction and soil texture. Four replicates of large and small stockpiles were constructed in the mineable oil sands, in northeastern Alberta. During construction seeds and rhizomes from a variety of native boreal plant species were buried within large (0.05, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0 m) and small (0.05, 1.0, 3.0 m) stockpiles. Soil gas probes were installed at similar depths as seed and rhizomes were placed. Seeds and rhizomes were extracted eight months and sixteen months after construction; during that time soil samples were collected for various chemical analyses. Irrespective of stockpile size, the majority of species seeds and rhizomes buried below 1 m lost viability and did not germinate after eight months. Anaerobic soil conditions developed soon after construction and persisted at depths below 1.0 m in large stockpiles, and over time anaerobic conditions developed in smaller stockpiles. Only seeds of Geranium bicknellii and Dracocephalum parviflorum had a high survival rate in stockpiles; both species have hard seed coats and are physically dormant. Various soil nutrients increased in concentrations in their soluble forms after stockpiling. Direct placement of topsoil is a preferred soil handling technique; however, if topsoil has to be stockpiled increasing the surface area of stockpiles will help preserve some seed and rhizome viability.
Klíčová slova:
Social sciences – Economics – Resource management – Stockpiles – Biology and life sciences – Plant science – Plant anatomy – Seeds – Plant physiology – Plant reproduction – Seed germination – Ecology – Ecosystems – Forests – Ecology and environmental sciences – Terrestrial environments – Soil chemistry – Soil science – Physical sciences – Chemistry – Environmental chemistry – Chemical elements – Oxygen – Manganese – Chemical compounds – Earth sciences – Atmospheric science – Atmospheric chemistry – Greenhouse gases – Carbon dioxide
Zdroje
1. MacKenzie DD, Naeth MA. Assisted natural recovery using a forest soil propagule bank in the Athabasca Oil Sands. In: Adkins SW, Ashmore S, Navie SC, editors. Seeds biology, development and ecology. Townbridge, United Kingdom: Cromwell Press; 2007. pp. 374–382.
2. MacKenzie DD, Naeth MA. The role of the forest soil propagule bank in assisted natural recovery after oil sands mining. Rest Ecol. 2010;18: 418–427.
3. MacKenzie DD (Alberta Environment and Water). Best management practices for conservation of reclamation materials in the mineable oil sands region of Alberta. Fort McMurray, Alberta: Terrestrial Subgroup, Best Management Practices Task Group, Cumulative Environmental Management Association; 2012. pp. 161.
4. Stark JM, Redente EF. Production potential of stockpiles topsoil. Soil Sci. 1987;144: 72–76.
5. Rives CS, Bajwa ME, Liberta AE, Miller RM. Effects of topsoil storage during surface mining on the viability of VA mycorrhizae. Soil Sci. 1980;129: 253–257.
6. Gould AB, Liberta AE. Effects of topsoil storage during surface mining on the viability of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza. Mycologia. 1981;73: 914–923.
7. Visser S, Fujikawa J, Griffiths CL, Parkinson D. Effect of topsoil storage on microbial activity, primary production, and decomposition potential. Plant Soil. 1984;82: 41–50.
8. Abdul-Kareem AW, McRae SG. The effects on topsoil of long-term storage in stockpiles. Plant Soil. 1984;96: 357–363.
9. Anderson TR, Grundy MG, Bell LC. Effect of stockpiling on two soils from the bowen coal basin and the ramifications for soil management in rehabilitation. In: Dixon ACT, editor. Proceedings of the 13th Annual Australian Mining Industry Council Environmental Workshop; 1988 September 18–23; Darwin, Australia. Australian Mining Industry Council; 1988. pp. 256–272.
10. Widdowson JP, Gibson EJ, Healy WB. Effects of stockpiling topsoils associated with opencast mining. 1. Chemical properties and the growth of ryegrass and white clover. New Zeal J Sci. 1982;25: 287–294.
11. Kong K, Lindsay JD, McGill WB. Characterization of stored peat in the Alberta oil sands area. Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Oil Sands Environmental Research Program; 1980. Report No. 91. pp. 45–52.
12. Rokich DP, Dixon KW, Sivasithamparam K, Meney KA. Topsoil handling and storage effects on woodland restoration in Western Australia. Rest Ecol. 2000;8: 196–208.
13. Koch JM, Ward SC, Grant CD, Ainsworth GL. Effects of bauxite mine restoration operations on topsoil seed reserves in the jarrah forest of Western Australia. Rest Ecol. 1996;4: 368–376.
14. Dickie JB, Gajjar KH, Birch P, Harris JA. The survival of viable seeds in stored topsoil from opencast coal working and its implications for site restoration. Biol Conserv. 1988;43: 257–265.
15. Tacey WH, Glossop BL. Assessment of topsoil handling techniques for rehabilitation of sites mined for bauxite within the jarrah forest of western Australia. J App Ecol. 1980;17: 195–201.
16. Harris JA, Birch P. The effects on topsoil storage during opencast mining operations. J Sci Food Agric. 1987;40: 219–232.
17. Whittle CA, Duchesne LC, Needham T. The importance of buried seed and vegetative propagation in the development of post fire plant communities. Environ Rev. 1997;5: 79–87.
18. Strong WL, Leggat KR. Ecoregions of Alberta. Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Forestry, Lands and Wildlife; 1992. pp 59.
19. Turchenek LW, Lindsay JD. Soils inventory of the Alberta Oil Sands Environmental Research Program study area. Edmonton, Alberta: Alberta Oil Sands Environmental Research Program, Alberta Research Council. 1982. AOSERP Report No. 22. pp. 240.
20. Moss EH. Flora of Alberta: a manual of flowering plants, conifers, ferns and fern allies found growing without cultivation in the province of Alberta, Canada. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press; 1993. pp 687.
21. Association of Official Seed Analysts. Rules for testing seeds. Stillwater, Oklahoma: The Association; 2006.
22. Liest N, Kramer S, Jonitz A, editors. International Seed Testing Association working sheets on tetrazolium testing. Zurich, Switzerland: The Association; 2003.
23. Carter MR, editor. Soil sampling and methods of analysis. Boca Raton, Florida: Lewis Publishers Ltd.; 1993. pp. 823.
24. Kundu NK, Ghose MK. Shelf life of stock-piled topsoil of an open cast coal mine. Environ Conserv. 1997;24: 24–30.
25. Tiedje JM, Sexstone AJ, Parkin TB, Revsbech NP, Sheldon DR. Anaerobic processes in soil. Plant Soil. 1984;76: 197–212.
26. Maag M, Vinther FP. Effect of temperature and water on gaseous emissions from soils treated with animal slurry. Soil Sci Soc Am J. 1999;63: 858–865.
27. Harris JA, Birch P, Short KC. The impact of storage of soils during opencast mining on the microbial community: a strategist theory interpretation. Restor. Ecol. 1993;1: 88–100.
28. Havlin JL, Beaton JD, Tisdale SL, Nelson WL. Soil fertility and fertilizers. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall; 1999. pp. 499.
29. Rivera D, Jáuregui BM, Peco B. The fate of herbaceous seeds during topsoil stockpiling: restoration potential of seed banks. Ecol Eng. 2012;44: 94–101.
30. Hall SL, Barton CD, Baskin CC. Seed viability in stockpiled topsoil on a surface mine in Appalachia. Ecological Restoration, 2009;27: 381–383.
31. Baskin CC, Baskin JM. Seeds: ecology, biogeography, and evolution of dormancy and germination. San Diego, California; Academic Press, Inc.; 1998. pp. 666.
32. Roberts EH, Abdalla FH. The influence of temperature, moisture, and oxygen on period of seed viability in barley, broad beans and peas. Ann Bot. 1968;32: 97–117.
33. Harrison BJ. Seed deterioration in relation to storage conditions and its influence upon germination, chromosomal damage and plant performance. J Nat Inst Agric Bot. 1966;10: 644–663.
34. Ibrahim AE, Roberts EH. Viability of lettuce seeds I. survival in hermetic storage. J Exp Biol. 1983;34: 620–630.
35. Ohlrogge JB, Kernan TP. Oxygen dependent ageing of seeds. Plant Physiol. 1982;70: 791–796. doi: 10.1104/pp.70.3.791 16662577
36. Archibold OW. Seed banks and vegetation processes in coniferous forests. In: Leck MA, Parker VT, Simpson RL, editors. Ecology of soil seed banks. San Diego, California; Academic Press, Inc.; 1989. pp. 107–122.
37. Fyles JW. Seed bank populations in upland coniferous forests in central Alberta. Can J Botany. 1989;67: 274–278.
38. Lee P. The impact from burn intensities from wild fires on seed and vegetative banks, and emergent understory in aspen-dominated boreal forests. Can J Bot. 2004;82: 1468–1480.
39. Conn JS. Seed viability and dormancy of 17 weed species after burial for 4.7 years in Alaska. Weed Sci. 1990;38: 134–138.
40. Gama-Arachchige NS, Baskin JM, Geneve RL, Baskin CC. The autumn effect: timing of physical dormancy break in seeds of two winter annual species of Geraniaceae by a stepwisw process. Ann Bot-London. 2012;110: 637–651.
41. Brophy L. Viable seed populations in soils of revegetated North Dakota coal strip mines. In: Johnson WA, editor. Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science Annual Meeting; 1980 April 25–26; Fargo, North Dakota. North Dakota Academy of Science. 1980. pp. 34: 22.
42. Marks PL. The role of pin cherry (Prunus pensylvanica L.) in the maintenance of stability in northern hardwood ecosystems. Ecol Monogr. 1974;44: 73–88.
43. Whitney GG. A demographic analysis of Rubus idaeus and Rubus pubescens. Can J Bot. 1986;64: 2916–2921.
44. Bewley JD. Seed germination and dormancy. Plant Cell 1997;9: 1055–1066. doi: 10.1105/tpc.9.7.1055 12237375
45. Hunter F, Currie JA. Structural changes during bulk soil storage. J Soil Sci. 1956;7: 75–80.
46. Harris JA, Birch P, Short KC. Changes in the microbial community and physico-chemcial characteristics of topsoils stockpiled during opencast mining. Soil Use Manage. 1989;5: 161–168.
Článek vyšel v časopise
PLOS One
2019 Číslo 9
- Proč se v Česku šíří několik „vymýcených“ infekcí najednou? Ptáme se odborníků
- ADHD jako evoluční výhoda? Výzkum se zaměřil na lovce a sběrače
- Není migréna jako migréna: Co pociťují ženy a co muži?
- Metamizol jako analgetikum první volby: kdy, pro koho, jak a proč?
- Není statin jako statin aneb praktický přehled rozdílů jednotlivých molekul
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
- Graviola (Annona muricata) attenuates behavioural alterations and testicular oxidative stress induced by streptozotocin in diabetic rats
- CH(II), a cerebroprotein hydrolysate, exhibits potential neuro-protective effect on Alzheimer’s disease
- Comparison between Aptima Assays (Hologic) and the Allplex STI Essential Assay (Seegene) for the diagnosis of Sexually transmitted infections
- Assessment of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity using CareStart G6PD rapid diagnostic test and associated genetic variants in Plasmodium vivax malaria endemic setting in Mauritania
Zvyšte si kvalifikaci online z pohodlí domova
Všechny kurzy