Association of childhood obesity with risk of early all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A Swedish prospective cohort study
Autoři:
Louise Lindberg aff001; Pernilla Danielsson aff001; Martina Persson aff002; Claude Marcus aff001; Emilia Hagman aff001
Působiště autorů:
Division of Pediatrics, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
aff001; Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
aff002; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Sachsska Children’s Hospital, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
aff003; Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
aff004
Vyšlo v časopise:
Association of childhood obesity with risk of early all-cause and cause-specific mortality: A Swedish prospective cohort study. PLoS Med 17(3): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003078
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003078
Souhrn
Background
Pediatric obesity is associated with increased risk of premature death from middle age onward, but whether the risk is already increased in young adulthood is unclear. The aim was to investigate whether individuals who had obesity in childhood have an increased mortality risk in young adulthood, compared with a population-based comparison group.
Methods and findings
In this prospective cohort study, we linked nationwide registers and collected data on 41,359 individuals. Individuals enrolled at age 3–17.9 years in the Swedish Childhood Obesity Treatment Register (BORIS) and living in Sweden on their 18th birthday (start of follow-up) were included. A comparison group was matched by year of birth, sex, and area of residence. We analyzed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted according to group, sex, Nordic origin, and parental socioeconomic status (SES). Over 190,752 person-years of follow-up (median follow-up time 3.6 years), 104 deaths were recorded. Median (IQR) age at death was 22.0 (20.0–24.5) years. In the childhood obesity cohort, 0.55% (n = 39) died during the follow-up period, compared to 0.19% (n = 65) in the comparison group (p < 0.001). More than a quarter of the deaths among individuals in the childhood obesity cohort had obesity recorded as a primary or contributing cause of death. Male sex and low parental SES were associated with premature all-cause mortality. Suicide and self-harm with undetermined intent were the main cause of death in both groups. The largest difference between the groups lay within endogenous causes of death, where children who had undergone obesity treatment had an adjusted mortality rate ratio of 4.04 (95% CI 2.00–8.17, p < 0.001) compared with the comparison group. The main study limitation was the lack of anthropometric data in the comparison group.
Conclusions
Our study shows that the risk of mortality in early adulthood may be higher for individuals who had obesity in childhood compared to a population-based comparison group.
Klíčová slova:
Body Mass Index – Death rates – Child health – Childhood obesity – Obesity – Self harm – Socioeconomic aspects of health – Suicide
Zdroje
1. Abarca-Gómez L, Abdeen ZA, Hamid ZA, Abu-Rmeileh NM, Acosta-Cazares B, Acuin C, et al. Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: a pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2017;390(10113):2627–42. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3 29029897
2. Lobstein T, Jackson-Leach R. Planning for the worst: estimates of obesity and comorbidities in school-age children in 2025. Pediatr Obes. 2016;11(5):321–5. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12185 27684716
3. Hagman E, Ek AE, Marcus C. Insulin function in obese children within the low and high ranges of impaired fasting glycemia. Pediatr Diabetes. 2019;20(2):160–5. doi: 10.1111/pedi.12804 30537059
4. Hagman E, Danielsson P, Elimam A, Marcus C. The effect of weight loss and weight gain on blood pressure in children and adolescents with obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2019;43(10):1988–94. doi: 10.1038/s41366-019-0384-2 31152153
5. Nobili V, Alkhouri N, Alisi A, Della Corte C, Fitzpatrick E, Raponi M, et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a challenge for pediatricians. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(2):170–6. doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.2702 25506780
6. Hagman E, Reinehr T, Kowalski J, Ekbom A, Marcus C, Holl RW. Impaired fasting glucose prevalence in two nationwide cohorts of obese children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014;38(1):40–5. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2013.124 23828099
7. Quek YH, Tam WWS, Zhang MWB, Ho RCM. Exploring the association between childhood and adolescent obesity and depression: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2017;18(7):742–54. doi: 10.1111/obr.12535 28401646
8. Reilly JJ, Methven E, McDowell ZC, Hacking B, Alexander D, Stewart L, et al. Health consequences of obesity. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88(9):748–52. doi: 10.1136/adc.88.9.748 12937090
9. Lindberg L, Hagman E, Danielsson E, Marcus C, Persson M. Anxiety and depression in children and adolescents with obesity: a nationwide study in Sweden. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):30. doi: 10.1186/s12916-020-1498-z 32079538
10. Janssen I, Craig WM, Boyce WF, Pickett W. Associations between overweight and obesity with bullying behaviors in school-aged children. Pediatrics. 2004;113(5):1187–94. doi: 10.1542/peds.113.5.1187 15121928
11. Puhl RM, King KM. Weight discrimination and bullying. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27(2):117–27. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2012.12.002 23731874
12. Engeland A, Bjorge T, Tverdal A, Sogaard AJ. Obesity in adolescence and adulthood and the risk of adult mortality. Epidemiology. 2004;15(1):79–85. doi: 10.1097/01.ede.0000100148.40711.59 14712150
13. Ward ZJ, Long MW, Resch SC, Giles CM, Cradock AL, Gortmaker SL. Simulation of growth trajectories of childhood obesity into adulthood. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(22):2145–53. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1703860 29171811
14. Reilly JJ, Kelly J. Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011;35(7):891–8. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2010.222 20975725
15. Gortmaker SL, Must A, Perrin JM, Sobol AM, Dietz WH. Social and economic consequences of overweight in adolescence and young adulthood. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):1008–12. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199309303291406 8366901
16. Viner RM, Cole TJ. Adult socioeconomic, educational, social, and psychological outcomes of childhood obesity: a national birth cohort study. BMJ. 2005;330(7504):1354. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38453.422049.E0 15901644
17. Hagman E, Danielsson P, Brandt L, Svensson V, Ekbom A, Marcus C. Childhood obesity, obesity treatment outcome, and achieved education: a prospective cohort study. J Adolesc Health. 2017;61(4):508–13. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.04.009 28693958
18. Mossberg HO. 40-year follow-up of overweight children. Lancet. 1989;2(8661):491–3. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(89)92098-9 2570196
19. Sonne-Holm S, Sorensen TI, Christensen U. Risk of early death in extremely overweight young men. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1983;287(6395):795–7.
20. Hoffmans MD, Kromhout D, de Lezenne Coulander C. The impact of body mass index of 78,612 18-year old Dutch men on 32-year mortality from all causes. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41(8):749–56. doi: 10.1016/0895-4356(88)90161-8 3418364
21. Bjorge T, Engeland A, Tverdal A, Smith GD. Body mass index in adolescence in relation to cause-specific mortality: a follow-up of 230,000 Norwegian adolescents. Am J Epidemiol. 2008;168(1):30–7. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwn096 18477652
22. Engeland A, Bjorge T, Sogaard AJ, Tverdal A. Body mass index in adolescence in relation to total mortality: 32-year follow-up of 227,000 Norwegian boys and girls. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(6):517–23. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwf219 12631541
23. Fontaine KR, Redden DT, Wang C, Westfall AO, Allison DB. Years of life lost due to obesity. JAMA. 2003;289(2):187–93. doi: 10.1001/jama.289.2.187 12517229
24. Hirko KA, Kantor ED, Cohen SS, Blot WJ, Stampfer MJ, Signorello LB. Body mass index in young adulthood, obesity trajectory, and premature mortality. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;182(5):441–50. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwv084 25977515
25. Chen C, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Pan XF, Pan A. Weight change across adulthood in relation to all cause and cause specific mortality: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2019;367:l5584. doi: 10.1136/bmj.l5584 31619383
26. Hagman E, Danielsson P, Lindberg L, Marcus C, BORIS Steering Committee. Pediatric obesity treatment during 14 years in Sweden: lessons from the Swedish Childhood Obesity Treatment Register—BORIS. Pediatr Obes. 2020 Feb 19. doi: 10.1111/ijpo.12626 32074662
27. Cole TJ, Lobstein T. Extended international (IOTF) body mass index cut-offs for thinness, overweight and obesity. Pediatr Obes. 2012;7(4):284–94. doi: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00064.x 22715120
28. Brooke HL, Talback M, Hornblad J, Johansson LA, Ludvigsson JF, Druid H, et al. The Swedish cause of death register. Eur J Epidemiol. 2017;32(9):765–73. doi: 10.1007/s10654-017-0316-1 28983736
29. Emilsson L, Lindahl B, Koster M, Lambe M, Ludvigsson JF. Review of 103 Swedish healthcare quality registries. J Intern Med. 2015;277(1):94–136. doi: 10.1111/joim.12303 25174800
30. Ludvigsson JF, Almqvist C, Bonamy AK, Ljung R, Michaelsson K, Neovius M, et al. Registers of the Swedish total population and their use in medical research. Eur J Epidemiol. 2016;31(2):125–36. doi: 10.1007/s10654-016-0117-y 26769609
31. Ludvigsson JF, Andersson E, Ekbom A, Feychting M, Kim JL, Reuterwall C, et al. External review and validation of the Swedish national inpatient register. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:450. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-450 21658213
32. World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation (World Health Organization Technical Report Series 894). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000. 253 p.
33. Shiels MS, Chernyavskiy P, Anderson WF, Best AF, Haozous EA, Hartge P, et al. Trends in premature mortality in the USA by sex, race, and ethnicity from 1999 to 2014: an analysis of death certificate data. Lancet. 2017;389(10073):1043–54. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30187-3 28131493
34. Adler NE, Ostrove JM. Socioeconomic status and health: what we know and what we don’t. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999;896(1):3–15.
35. Cohen S, Janicki‐Deverts D, Chen E, Matthews KA. Childhood socioeconomic status and adult health. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1186(1):37–55.
36. Galobardes B, Lynch JW, Davey Smith G. Childhood socioeconomic circumstances and cause-specific mortality in adulthood: systematic review and interpretation. Epidemiol Rev. 2004;26:7–21. doi: 10.1093/epirev/mxh008 15234944
37. Galobardes B, Lynch JW, Smith GD. Is the association between childhood socioeconomic circumstances and cause-specific mortality established? Update of a systematic review. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008;62(5):387–90. doi: 10.1136/jech.2007.065508 18413449
38. Liu L, Xue F, Ma J, Ma M, Long Y, Newschaffer CJ. Social position and chronic conditions across the life span and risk of stroke: a life course epidemiological analysis of 22,847 American adults in ages over 50. Int J Stroke. 2013;8(Suppl A100):50–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00927.x 23231424
39. van Dam RM, Willett WC, Manson JE, Hu FB. The relationship between overweight in adolescence and premature death in women. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145(2):91–7. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-145-2-200607180-00006 16847291
40. Calle EE, Kaaks R. Overweight, obesity and cancer: epidemiological evidence and proposed mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4(8):579–91. doi: 10.1038/nrc1408 15286738
41. Franks PW, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Sievers ML, Bennett PH, Looker HC. Childhood obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(6):485–93. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0904130 20147714
42. Zabarsky G, Beek C, Hagman E, Pierpont B, Caprio S, Weiss R. Impact of severe obesity on cardiovascular risk factors in youth. J Pediatr. 2018;192:105–14. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.09.066 29246331
43. Daniels SR. Complications of obesity in children and adolescents. Int J Obes (Lond). 2009;33(Suppl 1):S60–5. doi: 10.1038/ijo.2009.20 19363511
44. Reinehr T, Kiess W, de Sousa G, Stoffel-Wagner B, Wunsch R. Intima media thickness in childhood obesity: relations to inflammatory marker, glucose metabolism, and blood pressure. Metabolism. 2006;55(1):113–8. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2005.07.016 16324929
45. Hedvall Kallerman P, Hagman E, Edstedt Bonamy AK, Zemack H, Marcus C, Norman M, et al. Obese children without comorbidities have impaired microvascular endothelial function. Acta Paediatr. 2014;103(4):411–7. doi: 10.1111/apa.12549 24372596
46. Hagman E, Danielsson P, Brandt L, Ekbom A, Marcus C. Association between impaired fasting glycaemia in pediatric obesity and type 2 diabetes in young adulthood. Nutr Diabetes. 2016;6(8):e227. doi: 10.1038/nutd.2016.34 27548712
47. Kopelman PG. Obesity as a medical problem. Nature. 2000;404(6778):635–43. doi: 10.1038/35007508 10766250
48. Must A, Jacques PF, Dallal GE, Bajema CJ, Dietz WH. Long-term morbidity and mortality of overweight adolescents. A follow-up of the Harvard Growth Study of 1922 to 1935. N Engl J Med. 1992;327(19):1350–5. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199211053271904 1406836
49. Neovius M, Sundstrom J, Rasmussen F. Combined effects of overweight and smoking in late adolescence on subsequent mortality: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2009;338:b496. doi: 10.1136/bmj.b496 19244221
Článek vyšel v časopise
PLOS Medicine
2020 Číslo 3
- Proč jsou nemocnice nepřítelem spánku? A jak to změnit?
- Dlouhodobá ketodieta může poškozovat naše orgány
- „Jednohubky“ z klinického výzkumu – 2024/42
- Není statin jako statin aneb praktický přehled rozdílů jednotlivých molekul
- Metamizol jako analgetikum první volby: kdy, pro koho, jak a proč?
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
- Dietary fibre and whole grains in diabetes management: Systematic review and meta-analyses
- An Integrative Adapt Therapy for common mental health symptoms and adaptive stress amongst Rohingya, Chin, and Kachin refugees living in Malaysia: A randomized controlled trial
- Fecal microbiota transplantation for the improvement of metabolism in obesity: The FMT-TRIM double-blind placebo-controlled pilot trial
- Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of influenza vaccination with a high-density microarray patch: Results from a randomized, controlled phase I clinical trial