Kolorektálny karcinóm – epidemiológia, rizikové faktory, prognostické bio markery

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Autoři: M. Hančinová ¹; D. Ondruš ¹; M. Ondrušová ^2,3; B. Mrinakova ¹
Působiště autorů: 1st Department of Oncology, Comenius University Faculty of Medicine, St. Elisabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia ¹; Department of Preventive & Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Bratislava, Slovakia ²; Department of Epidemiology & Statistics, Pharm-In, Ltd., Bratislava, Slovakia ³
Vyšlo v časopise: Klin Onkol 2025; 38(1): 16-24
Kategorie: Přehledy
doi: https://doi.org/10.48095/ccko202516

Souhrn

Východiská: Z hľadiska epidemiológie predstavuje kolorektálny karcinóm (KRK) celosvetovo jeden z najčastejšie sa vyskytujúcich nádorov. Pokrok vo výskume sa premietol do zníženia úmrtnosti na toto ochorenie, avšak zníženie veku vzniku KRK vytvára obavy vo väčšine rozvinutých krajín. Identifikácia a validácia účinných prognostických biomarkerov sú kľúčové pre zvýšenie presnosti diagnostiky a individualizáciu liečby. Cieľ: Cieľom práce je analyzovať najnovšie údaje o epidemiológii a rizikových faktoroch KRK. Naratívny prehľad sa zameriava aj na zhrnutie súčasných poznatkov o rôznych prognostických biomarkeroch pri liečbe KRK, vrátane ukazovateľov výkonnostného stavu, nutričných a zápalových markerov. Záver: KRK predstavuje závažný zdravotný problém vo väčšine krajín a nádorové biomarkery, ako aj stav pacienta pred liečbou, sú rozhodujúce pre určenie prognózy ochorenia. Ukazovatele nutričného a výkonnostného stavu zohrávajú zásadnú úlohu pri hodnotení stavu pacienta a ovplyvňujú rozhodnutia o liečbe, s potenciálnym dopadom na jej výsledky. Zápalové markery sa javia ako významný prognostický faktor, korelujúc s imunitnou odpoveďou pacienta na nádor a zápalovými procesmi, ktoré môžu viesť k progresii ochorenia. Napriek ich sľubnej prediktívnej sile sa tieto biomarkery zatiaľ bežne nepoužívajú v klinickej praxi z dôvodu potreby ďalšej vedeckej validácie. Integrácia nových biomarkerov do klinickej praxe by však mohla viesť k personalizovanejším liečebným stratégiam a tým k zlepšeniu prežívania pacientov. Pre komplexnejšie posúdenie validity týchto biomarkerov a ich aplikácie v bežnej klinickej praxi je potrebný ďalší výskum.

Klíčová slova:

mortalita – výživa – rizikové faktory – zápal – TNM klasifikácia – incidencia – kolorektálny karcinóm – protoonkogény

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