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Packages of Care for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Series


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Published in the journal: . PLoS Med 6(10): e32767. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000160
Category: Perspective
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000160

Summary

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Linked Neglected Diseases Series

This Perspective introduces a new series in PLoS Medicine on mental health disorders in low- and middle-income countries that reviews the evidence for packages of care for ADHD, alcohol misuse disorders, dementia, depression, epilepsy, and schizophrenia.

The world's poorer and less resourced countries face a significant burden of mental, neurological, and substance use (MNS) disorders. This burden will continue to grow as the epidemiological transition—the process by which low and middle countries see a rise in noncommunicable diseases—gathers pace [1].

Recent reports on the care of persons living with MNS disorders had two stark findings. First, there is enormous inequity in the distribution of specialist human resources, both within and between countries [2]. One country alone (the US) enjoys more psychiatrists than the world's most populous countries (India and China) and an entire continent (Africa) put together. Second, due to a combination of factors including scarce resources, there is an astonishingly large treatment gap for people with MNS disorders. Worldwide at least two-thirds of all persons with mental illnesses, for example, go untreated, and in low resource countries this figures exceeds 90% [3],[4].

These findings sit alongside a compelling evidence base indicating the strong social determinants of MNS disorders and the vicious cycle of deprivation and mental ill-health [5]. Flagrant abuses of human rights of people with MNS disorders have been documented at every level of the health system including, most disturbingly, in the very institutions that are supposed to cater to their needs [6]. In response to this global health scandal, the recently launched Movement for Global Mental Health (www.globalmentalhealth.org) has called for the immediate scaling up of services for people with MNS disorders to close the treatment gap, on the basis of principles of evidence and human rights.

Which treatments should be scaled up and how should these be delivered in settings where specialists are scarce—a common situation for the majority of the global population? Starting this week, with the article by Chowdhary and colleagues on depression [7], PLoS Medicine publishes a series of evidence-based reviews on packages of care for six MNS disorders. We were invited to be Guest Editors for this series. Each review follows a set format: the focus is on both the evidence of efficacy of specific treatments, as well as how these should be delivered. Indeed the routine delivery or implementation of such interventions is of vital importance. Therefore the series is concerned not only with questions about the treatments themselves (e.g., who should provide these, and in what settings they be provided), but also with improving access to these treatments to achieve optimal long-term clinical and social outcomes.

The six disorders are attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), epilepsy, depression, schizophrenia, alcohol use disorders, and dementia. These disorders comprise the leading MNS causes of disease burden across the life course. This PLoS Medicine series is intended to be entirely complementary to the new World Health Organisation (WHO) Mental Health Gap (mhGAP) initiative [8], which will soon produce recommendations on the use of specific treatments in primary and community health care settings in low- and middle-income countries (http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhGAP/en/).

Although the specific treatments differ between disorders, there are also many shared themes related to the delivery of these treatments. Detection and diagnosis of more common disorders (such as depression or alcohol use disorder) may be reliably carried out using brief screening questionnaires. Less common disorders (such as schizophrenia and dementia) may need a two-stage case-finding procedure with probable cases being identified through community case-finding strategies followed by a diagnostic interview by an appropriately trained health worker. A combined package of pharmacological and psychosocial treatments are efficacious for the treatment of MNS disorders; however, not all persons need all treatments. The proposed packages recommend stepped-care models where treatments are tailored to the needs of each individual. People with almost all of these disorders need continuing care and help to maintain regular use of medication for extended periods to achieve optimal outcomes. In these respects, MNS disorders are similar to other chronic conditions, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease [9].

Nonspecialist health workers can deliver, safely and effectively, treatments for MNS disorders within a functioning primary health care system [10]. However, collaborative care models, in which specialists play diverse roles of capacity building, consultation, supervision, quality assurance, and providing referral pathways greatly enhance the effectiveness and sustainability of such nonspecialist health worker-led care programs [11].

These shared characteristics suggest that the packages of care for MNS disorders can be integrated at three levels: (1) packages catering to individual MNS disorders can be integrated with each other; (2) such packages can be integrated with the treatment of other chronic conditions; and (3) the packages can also be integrated within the primary health care system by strengthening its capacity for management of chronic conditions [9],[12].

However, it is also clear that simply making care available is not sufficient to close the treatment gap; access will continue to be hampered by stigma and discrimination [6]. Building mental health literacy and implementing strategies for combating stigma and discrimination for the whole population are critically important.

It is also clear that, as with all chronic conditions, most of the evidence is derived from high-income countries. However, it is heartening to note that where attempts to replicate evidence on effectiveness have been attempted in low and middle income countries, the findings are consonant with those from high income countries, suggesting that such evidence may be generalizable across cultures. While the packages of care published in PLoS Medicine can provide clear guidelines to scaling up services for people with MNS disorders, there is a need to generate appropriate evidence to guide the delivery of such effective treatments and their scaling up within routine health care delivery settings. Research on culturally appropriate and acceptable treatments, delivery and scale-up is the now the most important research priority for global mental health [13].

We believe that the most innovative aspect of this series is its focus on the critically important element of “delivery.” To the best of our knowledge, the series is the first attempt to collect comprehensive reviews of six leading, and mostly neglected, MNS disorders in an open access venue that allows immediate and full access to everyone including those living and working in low and middle income countries. We hope this series serves as a valuable resource for health professionals, policy makers, and health workers working to improve the care and treatment of those struggling with MNS disorders in settings where specialist resources are scarce and where treatment gaps are large.


Zdroje

1. MathersCD

LoncarD

2006 Projections of global mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030. PLoS Med 3 e442 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030442

2. SaxenaS

ThornicroftG

KnappM

WhitefordH

2007 Resources for mental health: scarcity, inequity, and inefficiency. Lancet 370 878 889

3. KohnR

SaxenaS

LevavI

SaracenoB

2004 The treatment gap in mental health care. Bull World Health Organ 82 858 866

4. WangPS

Aguilar-GaxiolaS

AlonsoJ

AngermeyerMC

BorgesG

2007 Use of mental health services for anxiety, mood, and substance disorders in 17 countries in the WHO world mental health surveys. Lancet 370 841 850

5. PatelV

LundC

HeatherillS

PlagersonS

CorrigallJ

2009 Social determinants of mental disorders.

BlasE

Sivasankara KurupA

Priority public health conditions: from learning to action on social determinants of health Geneva World Health Organization

6. ThornicroftG

2006 Shunned Oxford Oxford University Press

7. PatelV

SimonG

ChowdharyN

KaayaS

ArayaR

2009 Packages of care for depression in low and middle income countries. PLoS Med 6 e1000159 doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.journal.pmed.1000159

8. World Health Organization 2008 Mental Health Gap Action Programme (mhGAP): scaling up care for mental, neurological and substance abuse disorders Geneva WHO Available: http://www.who.int/mental_health/mhGAP/en/

9. BeagleholeR

Epping-JordanJ

PatelV

ChopraM

EbrahimS

2008 Improving the prevention and management of chronic disease in low-income and middle-income countries: a priority for primary health care. Lancet 372 940 949

10. WHO 2008 Integrating mental health into primary care: a global perspective Geneva World Health Organization and World Organization of Family Doctors (Wonca)

11. PatelV

2009 The future of psychiatry in low and middle income countries. Psychol Med In press

12. PatelV

GoelD

DesaiR

2009 Scaling up services for mental and neurological disorders. International Health In press

13. TomlinsonM

RudanI

SaxenaS

SwartzL

TsaiA

2009 Setting investment priorities for research in global mental health. Bull World Health Organ 87 438 446

Štítky
Interní lékařství

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PLOS Medicine


2009 Číslo 10
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