Authors: K. H. Parikesit 1; I. G. P. H. Sanjaya 1; A. R. R. H. Hamid 1; G. W. Samsarga 2; I. G. A. S. M. Dewi 3; P. A. T. Adiputra 4; S. D. Sudarsa 2; A. L. Suyata 2 Authors‘ workplace: Department of Plastic Surgery Reconstruction and Aesthetic, IGNG Ngoerah General Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia 1; Department of Plastic Surgery Reconstruction and Aesthetic, Udayana Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia 2; Department of Anatomy Pathology, IGNG Ngoerah General Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia 3; Department of Oncology Surgery, IGNG Ngoerah General Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia 4 Published in: ACTA CHIRURGIAE PLASTICAE, 67, 4, 2025, pp. 222-227 doi: https://doi.org/10.48095/ccachp2025222
1. Aires CCG., De Araújo HT., De Souza RRL., et al. Relationship between the use and types of helmets with facial injuries – a prospective study. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2022, 49: e20223387.
2. National Statistic Data of Indonesia. Accidents in Bali. 2020-2022. [online]. Available from: https: //bali.bps.go.id/indicator/17/251/1/banyaknya-kecelakaan-lalu-lintas-di-provinsi-bali.html.
3. Ruslin M., Wolff J., Yusuf HY., et al. The influence of helmet on the prevention of maxillofacial fractures sustained during motorcycle accidents. Cogent Engineering. 2018, 5 (1).
4. Harvey JA., Gibreel W., Charafeddine A., et al. Helmet wear and craniofacial trauma burden: a plea for regulations mandating protective helmet wear. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2017, 10 (3): 197–203.
5. Hwang MJ., Dillon JK., Dodson TB. Helmets decrease risk of bicyclist-related maxillofacial injuries but not severity. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019, 77 (10): 2055–2063.
6. Stier R., Jehn P., Johannsen H., et al. Reality or wishful thinking: do bicycle helmets prevent facial injuries? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2019, 48 (9): 1235–1240.
7. Mirna M., Schmutzler L., Topf A., et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio predict length of hospital stay in myocarditis. Sci Rep. 2021, 11 (1): 18101.
8. Lee CC., Lawler ME., Tannyhill RJ., et al. Can patients with isolated mandibular fractures be treated as outpatients? J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2020, 78 (11): 2010–2017.
9. Suwal R. Analysis of mid-face fractures using MFISS and FISS scoring systems. 2018 [online]. Available from: https: //www.researchgate.net/publication/340732143.
10. Akhigbe OP. Motorcycle related maxillofacial injuries in a semi urban town in Nigeria: a four year review of cases in Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital. Umea University 2010.
11. Kraft A., Abermann E., Stigler R., et al. Craniomaxillofacial trauma: synopsis of 14,654 cases with 35,129 injuries in 15 years. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2012, 5 (1): 41–50.
12. Yasir S. Facial trauma among patients with head injuries. J IMAB. 2014, 20 (6): 535–538.
13. Kamath RA., Bharani S., Hammannavar R., et al. Maxillofacial trauma in central Karnataka, India: an outcome of 95 cases in a regional trauma care centre. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr. 2012, 5 (4): 197–204.
14. Chalya PL., Mchembe M., Mabula JB., et al. Etiological spectrum, injury characteristics and treatment outcome of maxillofacial injuries in a Tanzanian teaching hospital. J Trauma Manag Outcomes. 2011, 5 (1): 7.
15. Sattar N., Gillani SRR., Erkin M., et al. Role of environmental and occupational factors in fall-related maxillofacial fractures. Clin Exp Dent Res. 2022, 8 (3): 737–741.
16. Peek-Asa C., McArthur DL., Kraus JF. The prevalence of non-standard helmet use and head injuries among motorcycle riders. Accid Anal Prev. 1999, 31 (3): 229–233.
17. Yu WY., Chen CY., Chiu WT., et al. Effectiveness of different types of motorcycle helmets and effects of their improper use on head injuries. Int J Epidemiol. 2011, 40 (3): 794–803.
18. Amirjamshidi A., Ardalan A., Nainei KH., et al. Comparison of standard and nonstandard helmets and variants influencing the choice of helmets: a preliminary report. Surg Neurol Int. 2011, 2 : 49.
19. Yokoyama T., Kawamata H., Hitosugi M., et al. Relationship between the severity of oral and maxillofacial injuries and helmet use by type in motorcycle accidents. Dokkyo J Med Sci. 2006, 33 (1): 11–16.
20. Cini MA., Prado BG., Hinnig PF., et al. Influence of type of helmet on facial trauma in motorcycle accidents. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2014, 52 (9): 789–792.
21. Tabary M., Ahmadi S., Amirzade-Iranaq MH., et al. The effectiveness of different types of motorcycle helmets – a scoping review. Accid Anal Prev. 2021, 154 : 106065.
22. Cavalcante DKF., Veloso SRM., Durão MA., et al. Do helmet use and type influence facial trauma occurrence and severity in motorcyclists? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021, 79 (7): 1492–1506.
23. Siddiqui HK., Aijaz A., Khan FR. Association between type of fixation and length of stay amongst maxillofacial fracture patients: a retrospective chart review. J Pak Med Assoc. 2022, 72 (10): 2077–2079.
24. Tambayong EF., Atmadjaya NK., Golden N., et al. Facial injury severity scale score as a predictor of length of stay for maxillofacial fracture at Sanglah General Hospital, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2020, 8 (B): 291–294.
25. Forget P., Moreau N., Engel H., et al. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) after surgery for hip fracture (HF). Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2015, 60 (2): 366–371.
26. Chebl RB., Assaf M., Kattouf N., et al. The association between the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and in-hospital mortality among sepsis patients: a prospective study. Medicine. 2022, 101 (30): e29343.
27. Wang Z., Tian S., Zhao K., et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and fracture severity in young and middle-aged patients with tibial plateau fractures. Int Orthop. 2020, 44 (12): 2769–2777.
Kiagus Handrian Parikesit
Department of Plastic Surgery
Reconstruction and Aesthetic,
IGNG Ngoerah General Hospital
Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
handrianparikesitpublish@gmail.com
Submitted: 14. 4. 2025
Accepted: 31. 10. 2025
Don‘t have an account? Create new account
Enter the email address that you registered with. We will send you instructions on how to set a new password.
