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proLékaře.cz / Journals / Internal Medicine / 2018 - 6

Diverticular disease: diagnosis and treatment

Czech version

Authors: Julius Špičák 1;  Miloš Kučera 2;  Gabriela Suchánková 1
Authors‘ workplace: Klinika hepatogastroenterologie IKEM, Praha 1;  Klinika transplantační chirurgie IKEM, Praha 2
Published in: Vnitř Lék 2018; 64(6): 621-634
Category: Reviews

Overview

Diverticular disease is one of the most common gastroenterological diseases. Its morphological basis are diverticula, whose prevalence in adults nears 50 %, with 25% clinical symptomatology and 5% occurrence of complications. It is a disease of older age, however its incidence is also rising in younger individuals, where it takes a more severe course. Its incidence is ascribed to a diet with a relatively low fibre content, however studies do not yield such clear results. Further risk factors include smoking, use of opiates and corticoids, obesity, alcoholism and smoking, hypertension, polycystosis, immunosuppression and use of non-steroid antiflogistics. Patients with diverticular disease also present with abnormal intestinal motility, intestinal dysbiosis and other physiological and morphological abnormalities. The most types of diverticulosis occur in the sigmoid colon, though especially in Asia the colon ascendens is more frequently affected. There are several classification schemes among which an individual assessment of complications is gaining in importance. The diagnosis includes clinical data, routine laboratory tests for inflammation, calprotectin in stool, coloscopy, ultrasound, CT and magnetic resonance. The basis for the treatment of symptomatic uncomplicated diverticular disease consists of drugs bringing symptomatic relief, fibre, probiotics, mesalazine and non-absorbable antibiotics, nonetheless the results of a number of studies are not fully convincing. The recommended treatment should be initiated with dietary fibre and probiotics, in the case of lasting problems add a non-absorbable antibiotic rifaximine with cyclic administration. Mild diverticulitis should essentially be treated by means of hydration and adjustments in the dietary regimen, antibiotics are not necessary when its course is uncomplicated and improvement is achieved, however the decision is individual and risk factors such as immunosuppression, diabetes, old age, pregnancy etc. Antibiotics are reserved for the treatment of severe or repeated diverticulitis, sepsis and complications. As prevention of further attacks, again probiotics, mesalazine and cyclically non-absorbable antibiotics are used, e,g. for a period of 10 days at monthly intervals. The proportion of surgeries is decreasing also where acute conditions are concerned and the efficiency of conservative treatment of diverticulitis is on the increase. Abscess should primarily be treated via non-surgical drainage. Even perforation and peritonitis can be treated via laparoscopic drainage without subsequent surgery being necessary, of course considering an overall condition an individual decision needs to be made. Generalized and fecal peritonitis are treated by open surgery. Earlier, elective resection was recommended after 2 attacks of diverticulitis, currently an individual approach is emphasized with respect to age, comorbidities and a character of the complaint and it is only indicated exceptionally. The proportion of laparoscopic resections is growing. The results are basically identical for Hartmann’s procedure as well as primary resection.

Key words:

calprotecin – diverticular disease – dietary fibre – diverticulosis – mesalazine – non-absorbable antibiotics – probiotics

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Diabetology Endocrinology Internal medicine
Current trends in the diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease
Therapy for peptic ulcer disease
History of celiac disease
Celiac disease in 2018
Diagnosis of gastrointestinal motility disorders
Familial adenomatous polyposis: complex patient management
Conventional and biological therapy for inflammatory bowel disease
The IBD outpatient care in the clinical practice
PSC-IBD: specific phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis
Possibilities of therapeutic manipulation of the gut microbiota
Prokinetics and their use in gastroenterology
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