Acute liver failure: Present recommendations
Authors:
Eva Kieslichová 1; Milan Ročeň 1; Soňa Fraňková 2; Pavel Trunečka 3
Authors‘ workplace:
Institut klinické a experimentální medicíny v Praze, Transplantcentrum, Klinika anesteziologie, resuscitace a intenzivní péče
1; Institut klinické a experimentální medicíny v Praze, Transplantcentrum, Klinika hepatogastroenterologie
2; Institut klinické a experimentální medicíny v Praze, Transplantcentrum
3
Published in:
Čas. Lék. čes. 2011; 150: 24-30
Category:
Review Article
Overview
Acute liver failure is a life threatening illness whose mortality rate remains high. For the survival an early diagnosis is crucial as well as the use of specific and supportive therapy and the determination of patient‘s need for urgent liver transplantation. At the first signs of the disease progression it is necessary to contact a transplantation centre. The patient with acute liver failure should be admitted to intensive care unit of a hospital capable to perform liver transplantation. Liver transplantation is limited by the availability of organs. It is possible to expand the time required for spontaneous liver regeneration or transplantation by using liver supporting systems. The therapy of the acute liver failure is multidisciplinary and should be performed in specialized centers.
Key words:
acute liver failure, intracranial hypertension, liver transplantation.
Sources
1. Riordan SM, Williams R. Perspectives on liver failure: past and future. Semin Liver Dis 2008; 28: 137–141.
2. O’Grady JG, Schalm SW, Williams R. Acute liver failure: redefining the symdromes. Lancet 1993; 31: 273–275.
3. O’Grady JG. Acute liver failure. Postgrad Med J 2005; 81: 148–154.
4. Sarin SK, Kumar A, Almeida JA, et al. Acute-on-chronic liver failure: consensus recommendations of the Asian Pacific Association for the study of the liver (APASL). Hepatol Int 2009; 3: 269–282.
5. Jalan R, Williams R. Acute on Chronic liver failure: pathophysiological basis of therapeutic options. Blood Purif 2002; 20: 252–261.
6. Lee WM. Etiologies of acute liver failure. Semin. Liver Dis 2008; 28: 142–152.
7. Lee VM, Squires RH, Nyberg AL, et al. Acute liver failure: Summary of a Workshop. Hepatology 2008; 47: 1401–1415.
8. Wendon J, Manns M, Alexander G, et al. Acute liver failure: Current european perspective. J Hepatol 2010; 52(Suppl 1): S13.
9. Rolando N, Wade J, Davalos M, et al. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome in acute liver failure. Hepatology 2000; 32: 734–739.
10. Harry R, Auzinger G, Wendon J. The clinical importance of adrenal insufficiency in acute hepatic dysfunction. Hepatology 2002; 36: 395–402.
11. Jalan R. Intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure: pathophysiological basis of rational management. Semin Liver Dis 2003; 23: 271–282.
12. Ranjan P, Mishra AM, Kale R, et al. Cytotoxic edema is responsible for raised intracranial pressure in fulminant hepatic failure: In vivo demonstration using diffusion-weighted MRI in human subjects. Metab Brain Dis 2005; 20: 181–192.
13. Bernal W, Hall C, Karvellas CJ, et al. Arterial ammonia and clinical risk factors for encephalopathy and intracranial hypertension in acute liver failure. Hepatology 2007; 46: 1844–1852.
14. Leithead J A, et al. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome is predictive of renal dysfunction in patients with non-paracetamol-induced acute liver failure. Gut 2009; 58: 443–449.
15. Munoz SJ, Stravitz RT, Gabriel DA. Coagulopathy of acute liver failure. Clin Liver Dis 2009; 13: 95–107.
16. Hugenholtz GG, Porte R J, Lisman T. The platelet and platelet function testing in liver disease. Clin Liver Dis 2009; 13: 11–20.
17. Vaquero J, Polson J, Chung C, et al. Infection and the progression of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 755–764.
18. Mazer M, Perrone J. Acetaminophen-induced nephrotoxicity: pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management. J Med Toxicol 2008; 4: 2–6.
19. Makin A, Williams R. Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure. In: Acute Liver Failure. First Edition. Lee WM, Williams R. (eds). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press 1997; 32–42.
20. Enjalbert F, Rapior S, Nouguier-Soule J, et al. Treatment of amatoxin poisoning: 20 years retrospective analysis. Journal of Toxicology, Clinical Toxicology 2002; 6: 715–757.
21. Tillmann HL, Hadem J, Leifeld L, et al. Safety and efficacy of lamivudine in patients with severe acute or fulminant hepatitis B, a multicenter experience. J Viral Hepat 2006; 13: 256–263.
22. Lok AS, McMahon BJ. Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology 2009; 50: 661–662.
23. Kessler WR, Cummings OW, Eckert G, et al. Fulminant hepatic failure as the initial presentation of acute autoimmune hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004; 2: 625–631.
24. Stravitz RS, Kramer AH, Davern T, et al. Intensive care of patients with acute liver failure: Recommendations of the US acute liver failure study group. Crit Care Med 2007; 35: 2498–2508.
25. Walsh TS, Hopton P, Philips BJ, et al. The effect of N-acetylcystein on oxygen transport and uptake in patiens with fulminant hepatic failure. Crit Care Med 1998; 26: 1200–1207.
26. Lee WM, Hynan LS, Rossaro L, el al. Intravenous N-acetylcysteine improves transplant-free survival in early stage non-acetaminophen acute liver silure. 2009; 137: 856–864.
27. Bernal W, Auzinger G, Sizer E, Wendon J. Intensive care management of acute liver failure. Semin Liver Dis 2008; 28: 188–200.
28. Shawcross DL, Davies NA, Mookerjee RP, et al. Worsening of cerebral hyperemia by the administrativ of terlipressin in acute liver failure with severe encephalopathy. Hepatology 2004; 39: 471–475.
29. Mehta RL. Continuous renal replacement therapy in the critically ill patient. Kidney Int 2005; 67: 781–795.
30. Vaquero J, Fontana RJ, Larson AM, et al. Complications and use of intracranial pressure monitoring in patients with acute liver failure and severe encephalopathy. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 1581–1589.
31. Murphy N, Auzinger G, Bernel W, et al. The effect of hypertonic sodium chloride on intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatology 2004; 39: 464–470.
32. Jalan R, Olde Damink SW, Deutz NE, et al. Moderate hypothermia prevents cerebral hyperemia and increase in intracranial pressure in patients undergoing liver transplantation for acute liver failure. Transplantation 2003; 75: 2034–2039.
33. Clemmesen JO, Hansen BA, Larsen FS. Indomethacin normalizes intracranial pressure in acute liver failure: A twenty-three-year-old woman treated with indomethacin. Hepatology 1997; 26: 1423–1425.
34. Plauth M, Cabre E, Campillo B, et al. Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: Hepatology. Clin Nutrition 2009; 28: 436–444.
35. Pavese P, et al. FVIIa corrects the coagulopathy of fulminant hepatic failure but may be associated with thrombosis: a report of four cases. Can J Anaesth 2005; 52: 26–29.
36. Canabal JM, Kramer D J. Management of sepsis in patients with liver failure. Curr Opin Crit Care 2008; 14: 189–197.
37. McKenzie TJ, Lillegard JB, Nyberg SL. Artificial and bioartificial liver support. Semin Liver Dis 2008; 28: 210–217.
38. Ironiemi H, et al. The effect of albumin dialysis on cytosine levels in acute liver silure and need for liver transplantation. Transpl Proc 2005; 37: 1088–1090.
39. Rifai K, Ernst T, Kretschmer U, et al. Prometheus – new extracoporeal system for treatment of liver failure. J Hepatol 2003; 39: 984–990.
40. Rifai K, Kribben A, Gerken G, et al. Extracorporeal liver support by fractionated plasma separation and adsorption (PROMETHEUS) in patiens with acute on chronic liver silure (HELIOS STUDY): A prospective randomized controlled multicenter study. J Hepatol 2010; 52: S3.
41. Rocen M, Kieslichova E, Merta D, et al. The effect of Prometheus device on laboratory markers of inflammation and tissue regeneration in acute liver failure management. Transpl Proc 2010; 42: 3606– 3611.
42. Ryska M, Kieslichová E, Pantoflíček T, et al. Bioeliminace v léčbě akutního selhání jater v experimentu na velkém laboratorním zvířeti. Česká a slovenská gastroenterologie a hepatologie 2006; 5: 201–206.
43. O’Grady JG, Alexander GJ, Hayllar KM, et al. Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure. Gastroenterology 1989; 97: 439–445.
44. McPhail MJW, Wendon J, Bernal W. Meta-analysis of performance of King’s College Hospital kriteria in prediction of outcome in non-paracetamol-induced acute liver failure. J Hepatol 2010 53: 492–499.
45. Bernuau J, Goudeau A, Poynard T et al. Multivariate analysis of prognostic factors in fulmiant hepatitis B. Hepatology 1986; 6: 648–651.
46. Bernal W, Donaldson N, Wyncoll D, et al. Blood lactate as an early predictor of outcome in paracetamol-induced acute liver failure: A cohort study. Lancet 2002; 359: 558–563.
47. Shakil AO, Jones BC, Lee RG, et al. Prognostic Value of Abdominal CT scanning and Hepatic Histopathology in Patients with Acute Liver Failure. Dig Dis Sc 2000; 334–339.
48. Bernal W, Cross TJS, Auzinger G, et al. Outcome after wait-listing for emergency liver transplantation in acute liver failure: A single centre experience. J Hepatol 2009; 50: 306–313.
49. Liou IW, Larson AM. Role of liver transplantation in acute liver failure. Semin Liver Dis 2009 28: 201–209.
Labels
Addictology Allergology and clinical immunology Angiology Audiology Clinical biochemistry Dermatology & STDs Paediatric gastroenterology Paediatric surgery Paediatric cardiology Paediatric neurology Paediatric ENT Paediatric psychiatry Paediatric rheumatology Diabetology Pharmacy Vascular surgery Pain managementArticle was published in
Journal of Czech Physicians
Most read in this issue
- Acute liver failure: Present recommendations
- Hyperglycemia and its control in the critically ill patient
- Eversion carotid endarterectomy: evaluation of results after changing the operation technique
- Kidney transplantation at the Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine