Novel approaches to control the rise in pertussis cases

Czech version

Authors: J. Macháč ^1,2; R. Chlíbek ²; S. Plíšek ¹
Authors‘ workplace: Klinika infekčních nemocí Fakultní nemocnice a Lékařské fakulty Univerzity ¹; Katedra epidemiologie, Fakulta vojenského zdravotnictví Univerzity obrany Hradec Králové ²
Published in: Epidemiol. Mikrobiol. Imunol. 65, 2016, č. 2, s. 67-71
Category: Review Article

Overview

Pertussis is a respiratory disease caused by the Gram-negative encapsulated bacterium Bordetella pertussis. Despite the high vaccination coverage rate and addition of new booster doses to the immunisation scheme (in response to the epidemiological situation), pertussis is on the rise not only in the Czech Republic but also in many other countries. The age groups at highest risk are infants and, to a lower extent, newborns who can get infected before receiving the first dose of vaccine and develop a severe course of the disease, often requiring admission to hospital. The most common source of infection are adults or adolescents from the child’s close environment who experience a mild course of the disease because of the previous vaccination. The immune response induced by the currently available acellular vaccines does not last. It can be reasonably assumed that pertussis has been underreported. Multiple studies have shown mutations in the causative bacterium that confer higher pathogenicity to it, either as a result of enhanced production of pertussis toxin or loss of some antigens. Possible strategies to control these negative trends are to develop novel more effective vaccines using new adjuvants or to use whole-cell vaccines. Maternal vaccination in pregnancy trimester 3 also turned out to be effective.

Key words:
pertussis – vaccination – epidemiology – diagnosis – newborns

Sources

1. Fabiánová K, Šebestová H, Beneš Č, et al. Trend pertuse u dětí do jednoho roku života v České republice v letech 1997–2013. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol, 2014;63(4):270–277.

2. Donegan K, King B, Bryan P, et al. Safety of pertussis vaccination in pregnant women in UK: observational study. BMJ, 2014; 349:4219–4219.

3. Fabiánová K, Zavadilová J, Šebestová H, et al. Syndrom dávivého kašle. Pertuse a parapertuse v České republice v roce 2014 – rozbor epidemiologické situace. Zprávy CEM (SZÚ, Praha), 2015; 24(5):172–177.

4. Fabiánová K, Beneš Č, Šebestová H, et al. Pertuse v České republice v roce 2013 – rozbor epidemiologické situace. Zprávy CEM (SZÚ, Praha), 2014; 23(3):97–104.

5. Fabiánová, K., Beneš Č., Šebestová H et al. Pertuse v ČR v roce 2012 – rozbor epidemiologické situace. Zprávy CEM (SZÚ, Praha), 2013;22(2):55–61.

6. The WHO Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunizations pertusiss working group, Background paper, SAGE April 2014 [online][cit. 2015-12-20]. Dostupný na www: < http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/april/1_Pertussis_background_FINAL4_web.pdf>

7. Mattoo S, Cherry JD. Molecular Pathogenesis, Epidemiology, and Clinical Manifestations of Respiratory Infections Due to Bordetella pertussis and Other Bordetella Subspecies. Clin Microbiol Rev, 2005;18(2):326–382.

8. Snyder J, Fisher D. Pertussis in Childhood. Pediatr in Rev, 2012; 33(9):412–421.

9. Hiraiwa-Sofue A, Ito Y, Mori H, et al. Pertussis-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy with marked demyelination in an unimmunized child. J Neurol Sci, 2012;320(1–2):145–148.

10. Yaari E, Yafe-Zimerman Y, Shepard B, et al. Clinical Manifestations of Bordetella pertussis Infection in Immunized Children and Young Adults. CHEST, 1999;115(5):1254–1258.

11. Barlow RS, Reynolds LE, Cieslak PR, et al. Vaccinated Children and Adolescents With Pertussis Infections Experience Reduced Illness Severity and Duration, Oregon, 2010–2012. Clin Infect Dis, 2014;58(11):1523–1529.

12. Tozzi AE, Rava L, Ciofi Degliatti ML, et al. Clinical Presentation of Pertussis in Unvaccinated and Vaccinated Children in the First Six Years of Life. Pediatrics, 2003; 112(5):1069–1075.

13. Kendric PL Secondary familial attack rates from pertussis in vaccinated and unvaccinated children. Am J Hyg, 1940;32:89–91.

14. Thomas MG, Lambert HP From whom do children catch pertussis? BMJ, 1987;295 (6601):751–752.

15. Mertsola J, Ruuskanen O, Eerola E, et al. Intrafamilial spread of pertussis. J Pediatr, 1983;103(3):359–363.

16. Wearing HJ, Rohani P, Levin BR, et al. Estimating the Duration of Pertussis Immunity Using Epidemiological Signatures. PLoS Pathogens, 2009;5(10): e1000647.

17. De Greeff SC, Mooi FR, Westerhof A, et al. Pertussis Disease Burden in the Household: How to Protect Young Infants. Clin Infect Dis, 2010;50(10):1339–1345.

18. Bisgard KM, Pascual FB, Ehresmann KR, et al. Infant Pertussis: How to Protect Young Infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2004;23(11):985–989.

19. Cherry JD, Tan T, Wirsing Von Konig CH, et al. Clinical Definitions of Pertussis: Summary of a Global Pertussis Initiative Roundtable Meeting, February 2011. Clin Infect Dis, 2012;54(12):1756–1764.

20. Nakamura Y, Kamachi K, Tozoiyumi-Ajisaka H, et al. Marked difference between adults and children in Bordetella pertussis DNA load in nasopharyngeal swabs: Summary of a Global Pertussis Initiative Roundtable Meeting, February 2011. Clin Microbiol and Infect, 2011;17(3):365–370.

21. Guiso N, Berbers G, Fry NK, et al. What to do and what not to do in serological diagnosis of pertussis: recommendations from EU reference laboratories. Europ J Clin Microbiol, 2011; 30(3):307–312.

22. CDC. Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis in Infants Following Pertussis Prophylaxis with Erythromycin – Knoxville, Tennessee. MMWR, 1999;48(49);1117–1120.

23. Zmax® – highlights of prescribing information [online]. [cit. 2015-11-21]. Dostupný na www: <http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/050797s016lbl.pdf >

24. Tiwari T, Murphy TV, Moran J. Recommended antimicrobial agents for the treatment and postexposure prophylaxis of pertussis: 2005 CDC Guidelines. MMWR Recommend Rep, 2005; 54(RR-14):1–16.

25. Bettiol S, Wang K, Thompson MJ, et al. Symptomatic treatment of the cough in whooping cough: recommendations from EU reference laboratories. Cochrane Datab Syst Rev,1996; 30(3):307–312.

26. Dodhia H, Crowcroft NS, Bramley JC, et al. UK guidelines for use of erythromycin chemoprophylaxis in persons exposed to pertussis. J Publ Health Med, 2002;24:200–206.

27. Halperin SA, Bortolussi R, Langley JM, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of erythromycin estolate chemoprophylaxis for household contacts of children with culture-positive bordetella pertussis infection. Pediatrics,1999;104:e 42.

28. Granström G, Sterner C, Nord E, et al. Use of Erythromycin to Prevent Pertussis in Newborns of Mothers with Pertussis. J Infect Dis, 1987;155(6):1210–1214.

29. Hoppe JE, Eichhorn A. Activity of new macrolides against Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 1989;8:653–654.

30. Langley JM, Halperin SA, Boucher FD, et al. Azithromycin is as effective as and better tolerated than erythromycin estolate for the treatment of pertussis. Pediatrics, 2004;114:96–101.

31. Fabiánová K. Pertuse a malé dítě v rodině; postexpoziční profylaxe. Zprávy CEM (SZÚ, Praha), 2012;21(2):50–51.

32. Hellwig SMM, Rodriguez ME, Berbers GAM, et al. Crucial Role of Antibodies to Pertactin in Bordetella pertussis Immunity: recommendations from EU reference laboratories. J Infect Dis, 2003;188(5):738–742 .

33. Pawloski LC, Queenan AM, Cassiday PK, et al. Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Pertactin-Deficient Bordetella pertussis in the United States: recommendations from EU reference laboratories. Clin and Vacc Immun, 2014;21(2):119–125.

34. Bodilis H, Guiso N. Virulence of Pertactin-Negative Bordetella pertussis Isolates from Infants, France. Emerg Infect Dis, 2013;19(3):471–474.

35. Mooi FR, van LOO HM, van GENT M, et al. Bordetella pertussis Strains with Increased Toxin Production Associated with Pertussis Resurgence. Emerg Infect Dis, 2009;15(8):1206–1213.

36. Mills HG, Ross PJ, Allen AC, et al. Do we need a new vaccine to control the re-emergence of pertussis? Trends in Microbiol, 2014;22(2):49–52.

37. Global Routine Vaccination Coverage, 2010 [online][cit. 2015-12-20]. MMWR, 2011; 60(44);1520–1522. Dostupný na www: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6044a3.htm

38. Locht C, Mielcarek N. New pertussis vaccination approaches: en route to protect newborns? FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol, 2012;66(2):121–133 .

39. Greco D, Salmaso S, Mastrantonio P, et al. A Controlled Trial of Two Acellular Vaccines and One Whole-Cell Vaccine against Pertussis. NEJM, 1996;334(6):341–349.

40. Wendelboe AM, Van Rie A, Salmaso S, et al. Duration of Immunity Against Pertussis After Natural Infection or Vaccination. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2005;24(Supplement):58–61.

41. Sheridan SL, Ware RS, Grimwood K, et al. Number and Order of Whole Cell Pertussis Vaccines in Infancy and Disease Protection. JAMA, 2012;308(5):454–456.

42. Liko J, Robison SG, Cieslak PR. Priming with Whole-Cell versus Acellular Pertussis Vaccine. NEJM, 2013;368(6):581–582.

43. Ross PJ, Sutton CE, Higgins S, et al. Relative Contribution of Th1 and Th17 Cells in Adaptive Immunity to Bordetella pertussis: Towards the Rational Design of an Improved Acellular Pertussis Vaccine. PLoS Pathog, 2013:9(4):e1003264.

44. Banus S, Stenger RM, Gremmer ER, et al. The role of Toll-like receptor-4 in pertussis vaccine-induced immunity. BMC Immunol, 2008;9(1):1–15.

45. Thorstensson R, Trollfors B, Al-Tawil N, et al. A Phase I Clinical Study of a Live Attenuated Bordetella pertussis Vaccine – BPZE1; A Single Centre, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Escalating Study of BPZE1 Given Intranasally to Healthy Adult Male Volunteers. PLoS ONE, 2014;9(1):e83449.

46. Grimprel EF, Vonsonnenburg F, Sanger R et al. Combined reduced-antigen-content diphtheria–tetanus–acellular pertussis and polio vaccine (dTpa-IPV) for booster vaccination of adults. Vaccine, 2005;23(28):3657–3667.

47. Frére J, De Wals P, Ovetchkine P, et al. Evaluation of several approaches to immunize parents of neonates against B. pertussis. Vaccine, 2013;31(51):6087–6091.

48. Urwyler P, Heiniger U. Protecting newborns from pertussis – the challenge of complete cocooning. BMC Infect Dis, 2014;14(1):397.

49. Updated Recommendations for Use of Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine (Tdap) in Pregnant Women — Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR, 2013;62(07):131–135.

50. Amirthalingam G, Andrews N, Campbell H, et al. Effectiveness of maternal pertussis vaccination in England: an observational study. The Lancet, 2014;384(9953):1521–1528.

51. Healy CM, Rench MA, Baker CJ. Importance of Timing of Maternal Combined Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis (Tdap) Immunization and Protection of Young Infants. Clin Infect Dis, 2012,56(4):539–544.

52. Jones CH, Pollock L, Barnett SM, et al. The relationship between concentration of specific antibody at birth and subsequent response to primary immunization. Vaccine, 2014; 32(8):996–1002.

53. Lee GM, Muprhy TV, Lett S, et al. Cost Effectiveness of Pertussis Vaccination in Adults. Am J Prev Med, 2007;32(3):186–193.

54. Rie AV, Hethcote HW. Adolescent and adult pertussis vaccination: computer simulations of five new strategies. Vaccine, 2004;22(23–24):3154–3165.

55. Chlíbek R, et al. Očkovací kalendář pro dospělé – podle věku. [online] [cit. 2015-12-20]. Dostupný na www: http://www.vakcinace.eu/data/files/ockov_kal_2015.pdf

56. Lee GM, Riffelmann M, Wirsing von Konig CH. Cost-effectiveness of adult pertussis vaccination in Germany. Vaccine, 2008;26(29–30): 3673–3679.

57. Zepp F, Heininger U, Mertsola J, et al. Rationale for pertussis booster vaccination throughout life in Europe. The Lancet Infect Dis, 2011;11(7):557–570.

58. Rie AV, Hethcote HW. Adolescent and adult pertussis vaccination: computer simulations of five new strategies. Vaccine, 2004;22(23–24):3154–3165.

59. Mills HG, Ross PJ, Allen AC, et al. Do we need a new vaccine to control the re-emergence of pertussis? Trends in Microbiol, 2014;22(2):49–52 .