#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Metabolic syndrome in childhood


Authors: L. Lisá
Authors‘ workplace: FN Motol, Praha
Published in: Čes-slov Pediat 2019; 74 (2): 93-97.
Category:

Overview

The article summarises new views of metabolic syndrome in pediatrics – hypertension, altered glucose metabolism, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity, which can lead to risk of cardivascuklar diseases in adults. The definition of this syndrome in pediatrics is difficult, there is nonuniform classification.

Keywords:

nonuniform classification


Sources
  1. Silveira LS, Buonani C, Monteiro PA, et al. Metabolic syndrome: Criteria for diagnosing in children and adolescents. Endocrinol Metabol Synd 2013; 2: 118–122.
  2. Hisworth HP. Diabetes mellitus: a differentiation into insulin-sensitive and insulin-insensitive types. Lancet 1936; 1: 127–130.
  3. Raeven GM. Banting lecture. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595–1607.
  4. Kaplan NM. The deadly quartet. Upper-body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1979; 149: 1514–1520.
  5. Higgins V, Adeli K. Pediatric metabolic syndrome: Pathophysiology and laboratory assessment. J Intern Fed Clin Chem Labor Med 2017; 28: 25–42.
  6. Weiss R, Bremer AA, Lustig RH. What is metabolic syndrome, and why are children getting it. Ann N Acad Sci 2013; 1281: 123–140.
  7. Dietz WH. Health consequence of obesity in youth childhood preditors of adult disease. Pediatrics 1998; 101: 518–525.
  8. Steinberg J, Daniels SR, Eckel RH, et al. Progress and challenges in metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in the Youth Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young, Council on Cardiovascular Nursing, and Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 2009; 1169: 628–647.
  9. Cool S, Weitzman M, Auinger P, et al. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1988; 157: 821–827.
  10. Ahrens W, Moreno LA, Marild S, et al. Metabolic syndrome in young children: definition and results of the IDEFICS study. Int J Obes 2014; 28: 14.
  11. Bussler S, Penke M, Flemming G, et al. Novel insight in the metabolic syndrome in childhood and adolescence. Horm Res Paediatr 2017; 80: 181–193.
  12. Laksman R, Elks CE, Ing KK. Childhood obesity. Circulation 2012, 126: 1770–1779.
  13. Cruz ML, Goran MI. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. Curr Diab Rep 2004; 4: 53–62.
  14. Weiss R, Dziura J, Burgert TS, et al. Obesity and the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2362–2374.
  15. Viner RM, Segal TY, Lichterowitz-Krynska E, et al. Prevalence of the insulin resistance syndrome in obesity. Arch Dis Child 2005; 90: 10–14.
  16. de Ferranti SD, Gauvreau K, Ludwig DS, et al. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in American adolescents. Circulation 2004; 110: 2494–2497.
  17. Zimmett P, Albert KG, Kaufam K, et al. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents – an IDF consensus report. Pediatr Diabetes 2007; 8: 299–306.
  18. Wiegand S, Maikowski U, Blankenstein O, et al. Type 2 diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in European children and adolescents with obesity – a problem that is no longer restricted to minority groups. Eur J Endocrinol 2004; 151: 199–206.
  19. Magge SAN, Goodman E, Armstrong S. The metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: Shifting the focus to cardiometabolic risk factor clustering. Pediatrics 2017; 140: e1603.
  20. Gustafson JK, Yanoff LB, Easter BD, et al. The stability of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Met 2006; 94: 4828–4834.
  21. Ford ES, Giles WH. A comparison of the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome using two proposed definitions. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 575 578.
  22. Cook S, Auinger P, Li C, et al. Metabolic syndrome rates in United States adolescents, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Pediatr 2008; 152: 165–170.
  23. Magnussen CG, Koskinen J, Chen W, et al. Pediatric metabolic syndrome predicts adulhood metabolic syndrome, subclinical atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus – but is no better than Body Mass Index alone: The Bogalusa Heart Study and the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Circulation 2010; 1022: 1604–1611.
  24. Bremer AQ, Mietus-Snyder M, Lustig RH. Toward a unifying hypothesis of metabolic syndrome. Pediatrics 2012; 129: 557–570.
  25. Despres JP, Lemieux BW, Lamendola B, et al. The insulin resistence – dyslipidemic syndrome contribution of visceral obesity and therapeutic implication. J Obes Rel Metab Disord 1995; 19: 576–589.
  26. Fox CS, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, et al. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2007; 116: 39–48.
  27. Fabbriani F, Magkos F, Mohhamed BS, et al. Intrahepatic fat, non visceral fat is linked with metabolic complications of obesity. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 2009, 106: 15430–15435.
  28. Cali AM, DeOlivera AM, Kim H, et al. Glucose dysregulation and hepatic steatosis in obese adolescence: is there a link? Hepatology 2009; 49: 1896–1903.
  29. DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E. Insulin resistence. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NDDM, obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 1991; 14: 173–194.
  30. Da Costa RF, Santos NSA, Goldraich NP, et al. Metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents: a comparison of three different diagnostic criteria.
  31. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2012; 88: 303–309.
  32. Hannon TS, Janosky J, Arslanian SA. Longitudinal study of physiologic insulin resistance and metabolic changes of puberty. Pediatr Res 2006; 60: 759–763.
  33. Moan J, Jacobs DRJ, Steinberg J, et al. Changes in insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk during adolescence establishment of differential risk in males and females. Circulation 2008; 117: 2361–2368.
  34. Petersen KF, Dufour S, Savage DB, et al. The role of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104: 2587–2594.
  35. Chan DC, Watts GF, Barrett PH, et al. Markers of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein remnant metabolism in visceral obesity. Clin Chem 2002; 48: 278–283.
  36. Pedrinelli R, dell´Omo G, Penno G, et al. Non-diabetic microalbuminuria, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Vascular Medicine 2001; 6: 55–68.
  37. Sanad M, Gharib E. Evaluation of microalbuminuria in obese children and its relation to metabolic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol Berl Ger 2011, 6: 257–264.
  38. Burgert TS, Dziura J, Yeckel C, et al. Microalbuminuria in pediatric obesity: prevalence and relation to other cardiovascular risk factors. Int J Obes 2005; 30: 273–280.
  39. Csernus K, Lanyi E, Erhardt E, et al. Effect of childhood obesity and obesity-related cardiovascular risk factors on glomerular and tubular protein excretion. Eur J Pediatr 2005; 164: 44–49.
  40. Matsumoto M, Han S, Kitamura T, et al. Dual role of transcription factor FoxO1 in controlling hepatic insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism.
  41. J Clin Invest 2006; 11: 2464–2472.
  42. Cornier MA, Dabeles D, Hernandez TL. The metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev 2008; 29: 777–822.
  43. Ford ES, Li C. Defining the metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents: will the real definition please to stand up? J Pediatr 2008; 152: 160–164.
  44. Morrison JA, Friedmann LA, Wang P, et al. Metabolic syndrome in
  45. childhood predicts adult metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus 25 to 30 years later. J Pediatr 2008; 152: 201–206.
  46. Gustafson J, Easter B, Keil M, et al. Instability of the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome in children. Obesity 2007; 15 (Suppl): A172.
  47. Gustafson JK, Yanoff LB, Easter BD, et al. The stability of metabolic syndrome in children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 74: 4828–4834.
  48. Bonora E. Relationship between regional fat distribution and insulin resistance. Int J Obes 2000; 24 (Suppl): 532–535.
  49. Taksali SE, Capro S, Dziura J, et al. High visceral and low abdominal subcutaneous fat stores in the obese adolescent: a determination of an adverse metabolic phenotype. Diabetes 2008; 57: 367–371.
  50. Lee S, Bcha F, Gungor N, et al. Waist circumference is an independent predictor of insulin resistance in black and white youths. J Pediatr 2009; 148: 188–194.
  51. Jolliffe CJ, Janssen I. Development of age-specific adolescent metabolic syndrome criteria that are linked to the Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation Criteria. J Am Cardiol 2007; 27: 891–893.
  52. Nordestgaard BG, Langsted A, Mora S, et al. Fasting is not routinely required for determination of a lipid profile: Clinical and laboratory implications including flagging at desirable concentration cutpoint – A joint Consensus Statement from the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. Clin Chem 2016; 32: 930–946.
  53. Hajer GR, vanHaeften TW, Visseren FLJ. Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, diabetes, and vascular diseases. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 2959–2971.
  54. Sung KC, Kim SH. Interrelationship between fatty liver and insulin resistance in the development of type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 96: 1093–1097.
  55. Garg A. Acquired and inherited lipodystrophies. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1220–1234.
  56. Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N, et al. Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 257: 79–83.
  57. Pajvani UB, Du X, Combs TP, et al. Structure – function studies of the adipocyte-secreted hormone Acrp33/adiponectin. Implication for metabolic regulation and bioactivity. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 9073–9085.
  58. Shaffiee G, Ahadi Z, Qirbani M, et al. Association of adiponectin and metabolic syndrome in adolescents: the caspian – III study. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2015; 14: 899.
  59. Cangemi D, Di-lorgi N, Barco S, et al. Plasma total adiponectin level in pediatric reference intervals calculated as a continuous variable of age. Clin Biochem 2012; 45: 1703–1705.
  60. Madeira I, Bordallo MA, Rodriguez NC, et al. Leptin as a predictor of metabolic syndrome in prepubertal children. Arch Endocrinol Metab 2016; 51: 1 4.
  61. Gallisti S, Sudi KM, Aigner R, et al. Changes in serum interleukin-3 concentrations in obese children and adolescents during weight reduction program. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2001; 25: 1640–1643.
  62. DeLuca C, Olefsky JM. Inflammation and insulin resistance. FEBS Lett 2008; 582: 97–105.
  63. Ford ES, Galuska DA, Gillespie C, et al. C-reactive protein and body mass index in children findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1988–1994. J Pediatr 2001; 135: 486–492.
  64. Ford ES. National Helth and Nutrition Examination Study Survey, C-reactive protein concentration and cardiovascular disease risk factor in children: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2001. Circulation 2003; 108: 1053–1058.
  65. Rubin DA, McMurray RG, Hackney AC, et al. Relationship between cardiovascular risk factor and adipokines in adolescents. Horm Res Pediatr 2001; 66: 1113–1132.
  66. Mottillo S, Filion KB, Genes J, et al. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk, a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Am Coll Cariol 2010; 66. 1113–1132.
  67. Malik S, Wong ND, Franklin SS, et al. Impact of the metabolic syndrome on mortality from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in United States adults. Circulation 2004; 110: 1245–1250.
  68. Lusis AJ, Attie AD, Reus K. Metabolic syndrome: from epidemiology to systems biology. Nat Rev Genet 2008; 9: 819–930.
  69. Sebert S, Sharkey D, Budge H, et al. The early programming of metabolic health: is epigenetic setting the missing link? Amer J Clin Nutr 2011; 94 (Suppl): 19535–19585.
  70. Pankow JB, Jacobs DR, Steinberg J, et al. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease risk factor in children of parents with the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 775–780.
  71. Nemet D, Barkan S, Epstein Y, et al. Short- and long-term beneficial effect of a combined dietary behavioral-physical activity intervention for the treatment of childhood obesity. J Pediatr 2005; 115: e443–449.
  72. Masuzaki H, Paterson J, Shinyama H, et al. A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Science 2001; 294: 2166–2170.
  73. Chandola MT, Brunner E, Marmot M. Chronic stress at work and the metabolic syndrome prospective study. Br Med J 2006; 332: 521–525.
  74. Taheri S. The link between short sleep duration and obesity: we should recommend more sleep to prevent obesity. Arch Dis Child 2006; 91: 881–884.
  75. Fadzlina AA, Harun F, Nurul Haniza MY, et al. Metabolic syndrome among 13 years old adolescents: prevalence and risk factors. BMC Public Health 2014; 14 (Suppl): S7.
  76. Ross MG, Beall MGH. Adukt sequelae of intrauterine growth restriction. Semin Perinatol 2008; 32: 213–218.
  77. Barker DJ, Eriksson JG, Forsen T, et al. Fetal origins of adult disease: strenght of effects and biological basis. Int J Epidemiol 2002; 31: 1235–1239.
  78. Forsen T, Osmond E, Eriksson JG, et al. Growth of girls who later develop coronary heart disease. Heart 2004; 690: 20–24.
  79. Kotani Y, Yokta I, Kitumara S, et al. Plasma adiponectin levels in newborns are higher than those in adults and positively correlated with birth weight. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2004; 61: 218–223.
  80. McMillen IC, Muhlhausler BS, Duffiels JA, et al. Prenatal programming of postnatal obesity: fetal nutritiion and regulation of leptin synthesis and secretion before birth. Proc Nutr Soc 2004;63: 405–412.
  81.  Mericq V, Ong KK, Bazaes R, et al. Longitudinal changes in insulin sensitivity and secretion from birth to age three years in small- and appropriate-for-gestational-age children. Diabetologia 2005; 48: 2609–2614.
  82. Finken MJ, Keizer-Veen MG, Dekker FW, et al. Preterm birth and later insulin resistance: effect of birth weight and postnatal growth in a population based longitudinal study from birth to adult life. Diabetologia 2006; 49: 478–485.
  83. Dušátková L, Zamrazilová H, Sedláčková B, et al. Association of obesity susceptibility gene variations with metabolic syndrome and related traits in 1,443 Czech adolescents. Folia Biologica 2013; 59: 123–133.
Labels
Neonatology Paediatrics General practitioner for children and adolescents
Login
Forgotten password

Enter the email address that you registered with. We will send you instructions on how to set a new password.

Login

Don‘t have an account?  Create new account

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#