Neuroplasticity, Restitution of Motor Function and Possible Rehabilitation Is Spastic Fibrosis

1. AASLUND, M. K., HELBOSTAD, J. L., MOE-NILSSEM, R.: Walking during body-weight-supported treadmill training and acute responses to varying walking speed and body-weight support in ambulatory patients post-stroke. Physiothe. Theory Pract., roč. 29, 2013, č. 4, s. 278-289.

2. ACSM: Exercise Management for Persons With Chronic Diseases & Disabilities. Illinois, Human Kinetics, 2009.

3. ACSM: Progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., roč. 41, 2009, č. 3, s. 687-708.

4. ADA, L., DEAN, C. M., VARGAS, J., ENNIS, S.: Mechanically assisted walking with body weight support results in more independent walking than assisted overground walking in non-ambulatory patients early after stroke: a systematic review. J. Physiother., roč. 56, 2010, č. 3, s. 153-161.

5. ADA, L., GODDARD, E., McCULLY, J., STAVRINOS, T., BAMPTON, J.: Thirty minutes of positioning reduces the development of shoulder external rotation contracture after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., roč. 86, 2005, č. 2, s. 230-234.

6. ADA, L., O´DWYER, N., O´NEILL, E.: Relation between spasticity, weakness and contracture of the elbow flexors and upper limb activity after stroke: An observational study. Disabil. Rehabilit., roč. 28, 2006, č. 13-14, s. 891-897.

7. ADLER, S. S., BECKERS, D., BUCK, M.: PNF in Practice. Heidelberg, Springer, 2008.

8. ALEXANDER, M. A., MATTHEWS, D. J.: Pediatric rehabilitation. New York, Demos, 2010.

9. ALLARD, T., CLARK, S. A., JENKINS, W. M., MERZENICH, M. M.: Reorganization of somatosensory area 3b representations in adult owl monkeys after digital syndactyly. J. Neurophysiol., roč. 66, 1991, č. 3, s. 1048-1058.

10 AMBLER, Z., BAUER, J., KADAŇKA, Z.: Cévní onemocnění CNS. In: BEDNAŘÍK J., AMBLER Z., RŮŽIČKA E. a kol.: Klinická neurologie. Část speciální I, Praha, Triton, 2010.

11. ARYA, K. N., PANDIAN, S., VERMA, R., GARG, R. K.: Movement therapy induced neural reorganization and motor recovery in stroke: a review. J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther., roč. 15, 2011, č. 4, s. 528-537.

12. BAKER, J. A., PEREIRA, G.: The efficacy of Botulinum Toxin A for spasticity and pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Clin. Rehabil., roč. 27, 2013, č. 12, s. 1084-1096.

13. BARBOSA, D., SANTOS, C. P., MARTINS, M.: The application of cycling and cycling combined with feedback in the rehabilitation of stroke patients: A review. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis., roč. 24, 2015, č. 2, s. 253-273.

14. BARCLAY-GODDARD, R., STEVENSON, T., POLUHA, W. et al.: Force platform feedback for standing balance training after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev, roč. 4, 2004, CD004129.

15. BARCLAY-GODDARD, R. E., STEVENSON, T. J., POLUHA, W., THALMAN, L.: Mental practice for treating upper extremity deficits in individuals with hemiparesis after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., roč. 5, 2011, CD005950.

16. BASMAJIAN, J. V., GOWLAND, C. A., FINLAYSON, M. A., HALL, A. L., SWANSON, L. R., STRATFORD, P. W., TROTTER, J. E., BRANDSTATTER, M. E.: Stroke treatment: comparison of integrated behavioral-physical therapy vs traditional physical therapy programs. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., roč. 68, 1987, č. 1, s. 267-272.

17. BAYLE, N., GRACIES, J. M.: Management of deforming spastic paresis. In: SELZER M. E., CLARKE, S., COHEN, L. G., KWAKKEL, G., MILLER, R. H. (eds.): Textbook of Neural Repair and Rehabilitation 2ed, Cambridge. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

18. BAYLE, N., GRACIES, J. M.: The syndrome of deforming spastic paresis: pathophysiology, assessment and treatment. In: Shepherd, R.B. (ed.): Cerebral palsy in infancy. Edinburgh, Elsevier Ltd, 2014.

19. BELDA-LOIS, J. M., MENA-DEL HORNO, S., BERMEJO-BOSCH, I., MORENO, J. C., PONS, J. L., FARINA, D., IOSA, M. et al.: Rehabilitation of gait after stroke: A review towards a top-down approach. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil., roč. 8, 2011, s. 66.

20. BEN, M., HARVEY, L., DENIS, S., GLINSKY, J., GOEHL, G., CHEE, S., HERBERT, R. D.: Does 12 weeks of regular standing prevent loss of ankle mobility and bone mineral density in people with recent spinal cord injuries? J. Physiother., roč. 51, 2005, č. 4, s. 251-256.

21. BIRKENMEIER, R. L., PRAGER, E. M., LANG, C. E.: Translating animal doses of task-specific training to people with chronic stroke in 1-hour therapy sessions: a proof-of-concept study. Neurorehabil. Neural. Repair., roč. 24, 2010, č. 7, s. 620-635.

22. BOHIL, C. J., ALICEA, B., BIOCCA, F. A.: Virtual reality in neuroscience research and therapy. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., roč. 12, 2011, č. 12, s. 752-762.

23. BOVEND’EERDT, T. J., NEWMAN, M., BARKER, K., DAWES, H., MINELLI, C., WADE, D. T.: The effects of stretching in spasticity: A systematic review. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., roč. 89, 2008, č. 7, s. 1395-1406.

24. BRAUN, S., KLEYNEN, M., VAN HEEL, T., KRUITHOF, N., WADE, D., BEURSKENS, A.: The effects of mental practice in neurological rehabilitation; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Hum. Neurosci., roč. 7, 2013, s. 390.

25. BROWN, R. W., GONZALEZ, C. L., KOLB, B.: Nicotine improves Morris water task performance in rats given medial frontal cortex lesions. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., roč. 67, 2000, č. 3, s. 473-478.

26. BUCHNER, D. M., LARSON, E. B., WAGNER, E. H., KOEPSELL, T. D., DE LATEUR, B. J.: Evidence for a non-linear relationship between leg strength and gait speed. Age Ageing., roč. 25, 1996, č. 5, s. 386-391.

27. BUMA, F., KWAKKEL, G., RAMSEY, N.: Understanding upper limb recovery after stroke. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci., roč. 31, 2013, č. 6, s. 707-722.

28. BÜTEFISCH, C., HUMMELSCHEIM, H., DENZLER, P., MAURITZ, K. H.: Repetitive training of isolated movements improves the outcome of motor rehabilitation of the centrally paretic hand. J. Neurol. Sci., roč. 130, 1995, č. 1, s. 59-68.

29. CAREY, J. R., KIMBERLEY, T. J., LEWIS, S. M., AUERBACH, E. J., DORSEY, L., RUNDQUIST, P., UGURBIL, K. Analysis of fMRI and finger tracking training in subjects with chronic stroke. Brain., roč. 125, 2002, č. 4, s. 773-788.

30. CARSON, J. A., BOOTH, F. W.: Myogenin mRNA is elevated during rapid, slow, and maintenance phases of stretch-induced hypertrophy in chicken slow-tonic muscle. Pflugers Arch., roč. 435, 1998, č. 6, s. 850–858.

31. CIRSTEA, C. M., PTITO, A., LEVIN, M. F.: Feedback and cognition in arm motor skill reacquisition after stroke. Stroke, roč. 37, 2006, č. 5, s. 1237-1242.

32. CLARK, S. A., ALLARD, T., JENKINS, W. M., MERZENICH, M. M.: Receptive fields in the body-surface map in adult cortex defined by temporally correlated inputs. Nature., roč. 332, 1988, č. 6163, s. 444-445.

33. CLASSEN, J.: Rapid plasticity of human cortical movement representation induced by practice. J. Neurophysiol., roč. 79, 1998, č. 2, s. 1117-1123.

34. COLOMBO, G., JOERG, M., SCHREIER, R., DIETZ, V.: Treadmill training of paraplegic patients using a robotic orthosis. J. Reh. Dev., roč. 37, 2000, č. 6, s. 693-700.

35. CORNALL, C.: Is the Bobath approach relevant to neurophysiotherapy in 2010? A summary of the argument for the Bobath approach being relevant. CSP Bobath debate. www.acpin.net, 30. 3. 2015 19:43.

36. CRAMER, S. C., SUR, M., DOBKIN, B. H., O‘BRIEN, C., SANGER, T. D. et al.: Harnessing neuroplasticity for clinical applications. Brain, roč. 134, 2011, č. 6, s. 1591-1609.

37. CRONE, C., JOHNSEN, L. L., BIERING-SØRENSEN, F., NIELSEN, J. B.: Appearance of reciprocal facilitation of ankle extensors from ankle flexors in patients with stroke or spinal cord injury. Brain, roč. 126, 2003, č. 2, s. 495-507.

38. CUMMINGS, G. S., TILLMAN, L. J.: Remodeling of dense connective tissue in normal adult tissues. In: CURRIER D. P., NELSON R. M. (eds.): Dynamics of human biologic tissues. Philadelphia, FA Davies Comp., 1992.

39. DALGAS, U., STENAGER, E.: Exercise and disease progression in multiple sclerosis: can exercise slow down the progression of multiple sclerosis? Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord., roč. 5, 2012, č. 2, s. 81-95.

40. DALY, J. J., RUFF, R. L.: Construction of efficacious gait and upper limb functional interventions based on brain plasticity evidence and model-based measures for stroke patients. ScientificWorld Journal., roč. 20, 2007, č. 7, s. 2031-2045.

41. DAYAN, E., COHEN, L. G.: Neuroplasticity subserving motor skill learning. Neuron., roč. 72, 2011, č. 3, s. 443-454.

42. de ALMEIDA OLIVEIRA, R., CINTIA DOS SANTOS VIEIRA, P., RODRIGUES MARTINHO FERNANDES, L. F. et al.: Mental practice and mirror therapy associated with conventional physical therapy training on the hemiparetic upper limb in poststroke rehabilitation: a preliminary study. Top Stroke Rehabil., roč. 21, 2014, č. 6, s. 484-494.

43. DECONINCK, F. J., SMORENBURG, A. R., BENHAM, A., LEDEBT, A., FELTHAM, M. G., SAVELSBERG, G. J.: Reflections on mirror therapy: A systematic review of the effect of mirror visual feedback on the Brain. Neurorehabil, Neural. Repair., roč. 29, 2015, č. 4, s. 349-361.

44. DeDEYENE, P. G.: Application of passive stretch and its implications for muscle fibres. Phys. Ther., roč. 81, 2001, č. 2, s. 819-827.

45. DEL-AMA, A. J., CUESTA, A., RAJASEKARAN, V., TRINCADO, F., IN, H., REINKENSMEYER, D.: Robotic rehabilitation: Ten critical questions about current status and future prospects answered by emerging researchers. In: Pons J. L., Toricelli D. (eds.): Emerging therapies in neurorehabilitation, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag Berlin, 2014.

46. DEMETRIOS, M., KHAN, F., TURNER-STOKES, L., BRAND, C., McSWEENEY, S.: Multidisciplinary rehabilitation following botulinum toxin and other focal intramuscular treatment for post-stroke spasticity. Cochrane Database Sys.t Rev., roč. 6, 2013, CD009689.

47. DÉNES, Z.: Consequence of secondary complications during the rehabilitation of patients with severe brain injury. Orv. Hetil., roč. 150, 2009, č. 4, s. 165-169.

48. DENNY-BROWN, D.: The cerebral control of movement. Liverpool, Liverpool University Press, 1966.

49. DICKSTEIN, R., HOCHERMAN, S., PILLAR, T., SHAHAM, R.: Stroke rehabilitation. Three exercise therapy approaches. Phys. Ther., roč. 66, 1986, č. 8, s. 1233-1238.

50. DIETZ, V., SINKJAER, T.: Spastic movement disorder: impaired reflex function and altered muscle mechanics. Lancet Neurol., roč. 6, 2007, č. 8, s. 725-733.

51. DIONG, J., HARVEY, L. A., KWAH, L. K., CLARKE, J. L., BILSTON, L. E., GANDEVIA, S. C., HERBERT, R. D.: Gastrocnemius muscle contracture after spinal cord injury: a longitudinal study. Am. J. Phys. Med, Rehabil., roč. 92, 2013, č. 7, s. 565-574.

52. EGGINTON, S., ZHOU, A., BROWN, M. D. et al.: Unorthodox angiogenesis in skeletal muscle. Cardiovasc. Res., roč. 49, 2001, č. 3, s. 634–646.

53. EKLUND, G.: Position sense and state of contraction: the effects of vibration. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, roč. 35, 1972, s. 606-611.

54. ERTELT, D., SMALL, S., SOLODKIN, A., DETTMERS, C., McNAMARA, A., BINKOFSKI, F., BUCCINO, G.: Action observation has a positive impact on rehabilitation of motor deficits after stroke. Neuroimage, roč. 36, 2007, č. S2, s. 164-173.

55. FERRANTE, S., AMBROSINI, E., RAVELLI, P. et al.: A biofeedback cycling training to improve locomotion: a case series study based on gait pattern classification of 153 chronic stroke patients. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil, roč. 8, 2011, s. 47.

56. FLEET, A., PAGE, S. J., MACKAY-LYONS, M., BOE, S. G.: Modified constraint-induced movement therapy for upper extremity recovery post stroke: What Is the evidence? Top Stroke Rehabil, roč. 21, 2014, č. 4, s. 319-331.

57. FOLEY, N., PEREIRA, S., SALTER, K., FERNANDEZ, M. M., SPEECHLEY, M., SEQEIRA, K., MILLER, T., TEASELL, R.: Treatment with botulinum toxin improves upper-extremity function post stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., roč. 94, 2013, č. 5, s. 977-989.

58. FRENCH, B., THOMAS, L., LEATHLEY, M., SUTTON, CH., McADAM, J., FORSTER, A., LANGHORNE, P. et al.: Does repetitive task training improve finctional aktivity after stroke? A Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Rehabil. Med., roč. 42, 2010, č. 1, s. 9-15.

59. GERVASIO, S., MACLEOD, C., ESTABAN-HERREROS, E. B., MENG, L., TEJADA, M. C.: Motor control and emerging therapies for improving mobility in patients with spasticity. In: Pons, J. L., Torricelli D. (eds.): Emerging therapies in neurorehabilitation, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, 2014.

60. GIOVANELLI, M., BORRIELLO, G., CASTRI, P., PROSPERINI, L., POZZILLI, C.: Early physiotherapy after injection of botulinum toxin increases the beneficial effects on spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis. Clin. Rehabil., roč. 21, 2007, č. 4, s. 331-337.

61. GOLDSPINK, G.: Changes in muscle mass and phenotype and the expression of autocrine and systemic growth factors by muscle in response to stretch and overload. J. Anat., roč. 194, 1999, č. Pt 3, s. 323-334.

62. GOODWIN, G. M., McCLOSKEY, D. I., MATTHEWS, P. B.: The contribution of muscle afferents to kinaesthesia shown by vibration induced illusions of movement and by the effects of paralysing joint afferents. Brain, roč. 95, 1972, č. 4, s. 705-748.

63. GRACIES, J. M., BAYLE, N., VINTI, M., ALKANDARI, S., VU, P., LOCHE, C. M., COLAS, C.: Five-step clinical assessment in spastic paresis. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med., roč. 46, 2010, č. 3, s. 411-421.

64. GRACIES, J. M., BLONDEL, R., BAYLE, N., LOCHE, C., VU, P., COLAS, C.: Logique de Contrats d’Autorééducation Guidée dans la parésie spastique. Conception d’un manuel d’autorééducation. Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med., roč. 53, 2010, s. e147.

65. GRACIES, J. M., BLONDEL, R., GAULT-COLAS, C., BAYLE, N.: Contrat d’Autorééducation Guidée dans la parésie spastique. Imprimeries APHP, ©Association Neurorééducation en Mouvement, 2010.

66. GRACIES, J. M., BURKE, K., CLEGG, N. J., BROWNE, R., RUSHING, C., FEHLINGS, D., MATTHEWS, D., TILTON, A., DELGADO, M. R.: Reliability of the Tardieu scale for assessing spasticity in children with cerebral palsy. Arch. Phy. Med. Rehab., roč. 91, 2010, č. 3, s. 421-428.

67. GRACIES, J. M., HEFTER, H., SIMPSON, D., MOORE, P.: Botulinum toxin in spasticity. In: MOORE P., NAUMANN M. (eds.): Handbook of Botulinum toxin. Oxford, Blackwell Science, 2002, s. 221-274.

68. GRACIES, J. M., WILSON, L., GANDEVIA, S. C., BURKE, D.: Stretched position of spastic muscles aggravates their co-contraction in hemiplegic patients. Ann. Neurol., roč. 42, 1997, č. 3, s. 438-439.

69. GRACIES, J. M.: Autoprise en charge du membre supérieur chez l’hémiplégique: expérience pilote d’un programme intensif d’étirements et de mouvements alternatifs rapides à domicile au long cours. Ann. Med. Phy., roč. 46, 2003, č. 7, s. 429.

70. GRACIES, J. M.: Evaluation de la spasticité – Apport de l’Echelle de Tardieu. Motricité Cérébrale, roč. 22, 2001, s. 1-16.

71. GRACIES, J. M.: Evaluation of walking speed (10m walking test) in patients with chronic hemiparesis after at least 3 consecutive botulinum neurotoxin injections while patients follow a guided self-rehabilitation contract, 26th Congress of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 2011.

72. GRACIES, J. M.: Evidence for Increased Antagonist strength and movement speed following BTX injections in spasticity, Neurology, roč. 56, 2001, č. 8, s. A3.

73. GRACIES, J. M.: Guided Self-rehabilitation contracts and gait speed in chronic hemiparesis. A prospective study, 28th Congress of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, 2013.

74. GRACIES, J. M.: Pathophysiology of impairment in patients with spasticity and use of stretch as a treatment of spastic hypertonia. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am., roč. 12, 2001, č. 4, s. 747-768.

75. GRACIES, J. M.: Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. I: Paresis and soft tissue changes. Muscle Nerve., roč. 31, 2005, č. 5, s. 535-551.

76. GRACIES, J. M.: Pathophysiology of spastic paresis. II: Emergence of muscle overactivity. Muscle Nerve., roč. 31, 2005, č. 5, s. 552-571.

77. GRIGG, P., FINERMAN, G. A., RILEY, L. H.: Joint-position sense after total hip replacement. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am., roč. 55, 1973, č. 5, s. 1016-1025.

78. GURUSAMY, K. S., AGGARWAL, R., PALANIVELU, L., DAVIDSON, B. R.: Virtual reality training for surgical trainees in laparoscopic surgery. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., roč. 1, 2009, CD006575.

79. HARA, Y., MASAKADO, Y., CHINO, N.: The physiological functional loss of single thenar motor units in the stroke patients: when does it occur? Does it progress?. Clin. Neurophysiol., roč. 115, 2004, č. 1, s. 97-103.

80. HARRIS, K., REID, D.: The influence of virtual reality play on children‘s motivation. Can. J. Occup. Ther., roč. 72, 2005, č. 1, s. 21-29.

81. HARVEY, L. A., BYAK, A. J., OSTROVSKAYA, M., GLINSKY, J., KATTE, L., HERBERT, R. D.: Randomised trial of the effects of four weeks of daily stretch on extensibility of hamstring muscles in people with spinal cord injuries. Aust. J. Physiother., roč. 49, 2003, č. 3, s. 176-181.

82. HARVEY, L. A., GLINSKY, J. A., KATALINIC, O. M., BEN, M.: Contracture management for people with spoinal cord injuries. NeuroRehabilitation, roč. 28, 2011, č. 1, s. 17-20.

83. HENDERSON, A., KORNER-BITENSKY, N., LEVIN, M.: Virtual reality in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review of its effectiveness for upper limb motor recovery. Top Stroke Rehabil., roč. 14, 2007, č. 2, s. 52-61.

84. HESSE, S., SARKODIE-GYAN, T., UHLENBROCK, D.: Development of an advanced mechanised gait trainer, controlling movement of the centre of mass, for restoring gait in non-ambulant subjects. Biomed. Tech., roč. 44, 1999, č. 7-8, s. 194-201.

85. HOANG, P. D., GANDEVIA, S. C., HERBERT, R. D.: Prevalence of joint contractures and muscle weakness in people with multiple sclerosis. Disabil. Rehabil., roč. 36, 2014, č. 19, s. 1588-1593.

86. HODGES, P. W., RICHARDSON, C. A.: Relationship between limb movement speed and associated contraction of the trunk muscles. Ergonomics, roč. 40, 1997, č. 11, s. 1220-1230.

87. HOLDEN, M. K.: Virtual environments for motor rehabilitation: review. Cyberpsychol Behav., roč. 8, 2005, č. 3, s. 187-211.

88. HOSP, J. A., LUFT, A. R.: Cortical plasticity during motor learning and recovery after ischemic stroke. Neural. Plast., 2011, 2011:871296.

89. HU, X.: Variation of muscle coactivation patterns in chronic stroke during robot-assisted elbow training. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., roč. 88, 2007, č. 8, s. 1022-1029.

90. HUANG, H., WOLF, S. L., HE, J.: Recent developments in biofeedback for neuromotor rehabilitation. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil., roč. 3, 2006, s. 11.

91. HUBBARD, I. J., PARSONS, M. W., NEILSON, C., CAREY, L. M.: Task-specific training: evidence for and translation to clinical practice. Occup. Ther. Int., roč. 16, 2009, č. 3-4, s. 175-189.

92. HUMM, J. L., KOZLOWSKI, D. A., BLAND, S. T. et al.: Use-dependent exaggeration of brain injury: is glutamate involved? Exp. Neurol., roč. 157, 1999, č. 2, s. 349-358.

93. HUSSAIN, S., QUAN XIE, S., LIZ, G.: Robot assisted treadmill training: Mechanisms and training strategies. Med. Eng. Phys., roč. 33, 2011, č. 5, s. 527-533.

94. CHEN, P., GOLDBERG, D. E., KOLB, B., LANSER, M., BENOWITZ, L. I.: Inosine induces axonal rewiring and improves behavioral outcome after stroke. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A., roč. 99, 2002, č. 13, s. 9031-9036.

95. JACK, D., BOIAN, R., MERIANS, A. S., TREMAINE, M., BURDEA, G. C., ADAMOVICH, S. V., RECCE, M., POIZNER, H.: Virtual reality-enhanced stroke rehabilitation. IEEE Trans. Neural. Syst. Rehabil. Eng., roč. 9, 2001, č. 3, s. 308-318.

96. JAFFE, D. L., BROWN, D. A., PIERSON-CAREY, C. D., BUCKLEY, E. L., LEW, H. L.: Stepping over obstacles to improve walking in individuals with poststroke hemiplegia. Journal of Rehabilitation Research & Development, roč. 41, 2004, č. 3A, s. 283-292.

97. JÄRVINEN, T. A., JÓZSA, L., KANNUS, P., JÄRVINEN, T. L., JÄRVINEN, M.: Organization and distribution of intramuscular connective tissue in normal and immobilized skeletal muscles. An immunohistochemical, polarization and scanning electron microscopic study. J. Muscle Res. Cell Motil., roč. 23, 2002, č. 3, s. 245-254.

98. KALLIO, K., NILSSON-WIKMAR, L., THORSÉN, A. M.: Modified constraint-induced therapy for the lower extremity in elderly persons with chronic stroke: Single-subject experimental design study. Top Stroke Rehabil., roč. 21, 2014, č. 2, s. 111-119.

99. KATALINIC, O. M., HARVEY, L. A., HERBERT, R. D.: Effectiveness of stretch for the treatment and prevention of contractures in people with neurological conditions: A systematic review. Phys. Ther., roč. 91, 2011, č. 1, s. 11-24.

100. KATCH, V. L., McARDLE, W. D. et al.: Essentials of exercise physiology. Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 2011.

101. KELLEY, G.: Mechanical overload and skeletal muscle fiber hyperplasia: a meta-analysis. J. Appl. Physiol., roč. 81, 1996, č. 4, s. 1584-1588.

102. KIM, J. H., JANG, S. H., KIM, C. S., JUNG, J. H., YUO, J. H.: Use of virtual reality to enhance balance and ambulation in chronic stroke: A double-blind, randomized controlled study. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, roč. 88, 2009, č. 9, s. 693-701.

103. KING, M., HALE, L., PEKKARI, A., PERSSON, M., GREGERSSON, M., NILSSON, M.: An affordable, computerised, table-based exercise system for stroke survivors. Disabil. Rehabil. Assist. Technol., roč. 5, 2010, č. 4, s. 288-293.

104. KISNER, C., COLBY, J. A.: Stretching for impaired mobility. In: Therapeutic exercise foundations and techniques. 5ed. Philadelphia, F.A. Davis Company, 2007.

105. KIZONY, R., KATZ, N., WEISS, P.: Adapting an immersive virtual reality system for rehabilitation. Journal Vis. Comp. Anim., roč. 14, 2003, s. 1-7.

106. KLEIM, J. A., JONES, T. A.: Principles of experience-dependent neural plasticity: implications for rehabilitation after brain damage. J. Speech Lang Hear Res., roč. 51, 2008, č. 1, s. S225-239.

107. KLEIM, J. A., SCHWERIN, S.: Motor map plasticity: a neural substrate for improving motor function after stroke. In: CRAMER S. C., NUDO R. J. (eds): Brain repair after stroke. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010.

108. KOUTSOU, A. D., SUMMA, S., NASSER, B., MARTINEZ, J. G., THANGARAMANUJAM, M.: Upper limb neuroprostheses: Recent advances and future directions. In: PONS J. L., TORICELLI D. (eds.): Emerging therapies in neurorehabilitation, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag Berlin, 2014.

109. KRAKAUER, J. W.: Motor learning: its relevance to stroke recovery and neurorehabilitation. Curr. Opin. Neurol., roč. 19, 2006, č. 1, s. 84-90.

110. KWAH, L .K., HARVEY, L. A., DIONG, J. H., HERBERT, R. D.: Half of the adults who present to hospital with stroke develop at least one contracture within six months: an observational study. J. Physiother., roč. 58, 2012, č. 1, s. 41-47.

111. KWAKKEL, G., KOLLEN, B. J., KREBS, H. I.: Effects of robot-assisted therapy on upper limb recovery after stroke: a systematic review. Neurorehabil. Neural. Repair., roč. 22, 2008, č. 2, s. 111-121.

112. KWAKKEL, G., VEERBEECK, J. M., VAN WEGEN, E. E. H., WOLF, S. L.: Constraint-induced movement therapy after stroke. Lancet Neuro., roč. 14, 2015, č. 2, s. 224-234.

113. LANCE, J. W.: Spasticity: disordered motor control. In: FELDMAN R.G., YOUNG R. R., KOELLA, W. P. (eds.): Symposium synopsis. Chicago, Yearbook Medical, 1980.

114. LANGE, B., FLYNN, S., CHANG, C.-Y., AHMED, A., GENG, Y., UTSAV, K., XU, M., SEOK, D., CHENG, S., RIZZO, A.: Development of an interactive rehabilitation game using the Nintendo (WiiFit) balance board for people with neurological injury. Topics Stroke Rehabil., roč. 15, 2010, č. 5, s. 345-352.

115. LANGHAMMER, B., STANGHELLE, J. K.: Bobath or motor relearning programme? A comparison of two different approaches of physiotherapy in stroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled study. Clin. Rehabil., roč. 14, 2000, č. 4, s. 361-369.

116. LANGHORNE, P., BERNHARDT, J., KWAKKEL, G.: Stroke rehabilitation. Lancet., roč. 377, 2011, č. 9778, s. 1693-1702.

117. LANGHORNE, P., COUPAR, F., POLLOCK, A.: Motor recovery after stroke: A systematic review. Lancet Neurol., roč. 8, 2009, č. 8, s. 741-754.

118. LANNIN, N. A., ADA, L.: Neurorehabilitation splinting: theory and principles of clinical use. NeuroRehabilitation., roč. 28, 2011, č. 1, s. 21-28.

119. LANNIN, N. A., CUSICK, A., McCLUCKEY, A., HERBERT, R. D.: Effects of splinting on wrist contracture after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke, roč. 38, 2007, č. 1, s. 111-116.

120. LANNIN, N. A., HERBERT, R. D.: Is hand splinting effective for adults following stroke? A systematic review and methodologic critique of published research. Clin. Rehabil., roč. 17, 2003, č. 8, s. 807-816.

121. LANNIN, N. A., NOVAK, I., CUSICK, A.: A systematic review of upper extremity casting for children and adults with central nervous system motor disorders. Clin. Rehabil., roč. 21, 2007, č. 11, s. 963-976.

122. LAVER, K. E., GEORGE, S., THOMAS, S., DEUTSCH, J. E., CROTTY, M.: Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., roč. 2, 2015, CD008349.

123. LEASURE, J. L., SCHALLERT, T.: Consequences of forced disuse of the impaired forelimb after unilateral cortical injury. Nebav. Brain Res., roč. 150, 2004, č. 1-2, s. 83-91.

124. LIN, S. I., LO, C. C., LIN, P.-Y. et al.: Biomechanical assessments of the effect of visual feedback on cycling for patients with stroke. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol., roč. 22, 2012, č. 4, s. 582-588.

125. LIU, K. P., CHAN, C. C., LEE, T. M., HUI-CHAN, C. W. et al.: Mental imagery for promoting relearning for people after stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., roč. 85, 2004, č. 9, s. 1403-1408.

126. LIU, K. P., CHAN, C. C., WONG, R. S., KWAN, I. W., YAU, C. S., LI, L. S., LEE, T. M.: A randomized controlled trial of mental imagery augment generalization of learning in acute poststroke patients. Stroke, roč. 40, 2009, č. 6, s. 2222-2225.

127. LIU, Z., CHOPP, M., DING, X., CUI, Y., LI, Y.: Axonal remodeling of the corticospinal tract in the spinal cord contributes to voluntary motor recovery after stroke in adult mice. Stroke, roč. 44, 2013, č. 7, s. 1951-1956.

128. LUM, P. S., BURGAR, C. G., SHOR, P. C., MAJMUNDAR, M., VAN DER LOOS, M.: Robot-assisted movement training compared with conventional therapy techniques for the rehabilitation of upper-limb motor function after stroke. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., roč. 83, 2002, č. 7, s. 952-959.

129. MARTINELLO, K., HUANG, Z., LUJAN, R., TRAN, B., WATANABE, M., COOPER, E. C., BROWN, D. A., SHAH, M. M.: Cholinergic afferent stimulation induces axonal function plasticity in adult hippocampal granule cells. Neuron., roč. 85, 2015, č. 2, s. 346-363.

130. MASIERO, S., POLI, P., ROSATI, G., ZANOTTO, D., IOSA, M., PAOLUCCI, S., MORONE, G.: The value of robotic systems in stroke rehabilitation. Expert Rev. Med. Devices., roč. 11, 2014, č. 2, s. 187-198.

131. MAYSTON, M.: The Bobath concept today. In: Syn´apse, 2001/Spring.

132. McGUIRE, J. R.: Spasticity and other signs of the upper motor neuron syndrome. In: BRASHEAR A., ELOVIC E. (eds.): Spasticity - Diagnosis and management. New York, Demos Medical Publishing LLC, 2011.

133. MEHRHOLZ, J., ELSNER, B., WERNER, C., KUGLER, J., POHL, M.: Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., roč. 7, 2013, CD006185.

134. MEHRHOLZ, J., ELSNER, B., WERNER, C., KUGLER, J., POHL, M.: Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke: Updated evidence. Stroke, roč. 44, 2013, č. 10, s. e127-128.

135. MEHRHOLZ, J., HÄDRICH, A., PLATZ, T., KUGLER, J., POHL, M.: Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training for improving generic activities of daily living, arm function, and arm muscle strength after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., roč. 6, 2012, CD006876.

136. MEHRHOLZ, J., POHL, M.: Rehabilitation robotics, orthotics, and prosthetics: lower limbs. In: SELZER M. E., CLARKE S., COHEN L. G..,KWAKKEL G., MILER R. H. (eds.): Textbook of neural repair and rehabilitation 2ed. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014.

137. MEHRHOLZ, J., WERNER, C., KUGLER, J., POHL, M.: Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., roč. 4, 2007, CD006185.

138. MEIMOUN, M., BAYLE, N., BAUDE, M., GRACIES, J. M.: Intensity in the neurorehabilitation of spastic paresis. Rev. Neurol., roč. 171, 2015, č. 2, s. 130-140.

139. MEINTZSCHEL, F., ZIEMANN, U.: Modification of practice-dependent plasticity in human motor cortex by neuromodulators. Cereb Cortex., roč. 16, 2006, č. 8, s. 1106-1115.

140. MILLER, E. L., MURRAY, L., RICHARDS, L., ZOROWITZ, R. D., BAKAS, T., CLARK, P., BILLINGER, S. A.: American Heart Association council on cardiovascular nursing and the stroke council.: Comprehensive overview of nursing and interdisciplinary rehabilitation care of the stroke patient: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Stroke, roč. 41, 2010, č. 10, s. 2402-2448.

141. MIRELMAN, A., BONATO, P., DEUTSCH, J. E.: Effects of training with a robot-virtual reality system compared with a robot alone on the gait of individuals after stroke. Stroke, roč. 40, 2009, č. 1, s. 169-174.

142. MOGILNER, A., GROSSMAN, J. A., RIBARY, U., JOLIOT, M., VOLKMANN, J., RAPAPORT, D., BEASLEY, R. W., LLINÁS, R. R.: Somatosensory cortical plasticity in adult humans revealed by magnetoencephalography. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A., roč. 90, 1993, č. 8, s. 3593-3597.

143. MORIYAMA, H., TOBIMATSU, Y., OZAWA, J., KITO, N., TANAKA, R.: Amount of torque and duration of stretching affects correction of knee contracture in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., roč. 471, 2013, č. 11, s. 3626-3636.

144. MORRIS, D., TAUB, E., MARK, V.: Constraint-induced movement therapy: characterizing the intervention protocol. Eura Medicophys, roč. 42, 2006, č. 3, s. 257-268.

145. MOSELEY, A. M., HASSETT, L. M., LEUNG, J., CLARE, J. S., HERBERT, R. D., HARVEY, L. A.: Serial casting versus positioning for the treatment of elbow contractures in adults with traumatic brain injury: a randomized controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil., roč. 22, 2008, č. 5, s. 406-417.

146. NAKAGAWA, H., UENO, M., ITOKAZU, T., YAMASHITA, T.: Bilateral movement training promotes axonal remodeling of the corticospinal tract and recovery of motor function following traumatic brain injury in mice. Cell Death Dis., roč. 7, 2013, č. 4, s. e534.

147. NIJLAND, R., KWAKKEL, G., BAKERS, J., VAN WEGEN, E.: Constraint-induced movement therapy for the upper paretic limb in acute or sub-acute stroke: a systematic review. Int. J. Stroke, roč. 6, 2011, č. 5, s. 425-433.

148. NIJLAND, R., VAN WEGEN, E., VAN DER KROGT, H., BAKKER, C., BUMA, F., KLOMP, A., VAN KORDELLAR, J., KWAKKEL, G.: Characterizing the Protocol for early modified constraint-induced movement therapy in the EXPLICIT-stroke trial. Physiother. Res. Int., roč. 18, 2013, č. 1, s. 1-15.

149. O´SULLIVAN, S. ., SCHMITZ, T. J.: Physical rehabilitation. 5ed, Philadelphia, FA Davis Comp., 2007.

150. OLVEY, E. L., ARMSTRONG, E. P., GRIZZLE, A. J.: Contemporary pharmacologic treatments for spasticity of the upper limb after stroke: a systematic review. Clin. Ther., roč. 32, 2010, č. 14, s. 2282-2303.

151. PAGE, S., DUNNING, K., HERMANN, V., LEONARD, A., LEVINE, P.: Longer versus shorter mental practice sessions for affected upper extremity movement after stroke: A a randomized controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil., roč. 25, 2011, č. 7, s. 627-637.

152. PAGE, S. J., LEVINE, P., LEONARD, A.: Mental practice in chronic stroke: results of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Stroke, roč. 38, 2007, č. 4, s. 1293-1297.

153. PAGE, S. J., SISTO, S. A., LEVINE, P., JOHNSTON, M. V., HUGHES, M.: Modified constraint induced therapy: a randomized feasibility and efficacy study. J. R ehabil. Res. Dev., roč. 38, 2001, č. 5, s. 583-590.

154. PAGE, S. J.: Intensity versus task-specifi city after stroke: How important is intensity? Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil., roč. 82, 2003, č. 9, s. 730-732.

155. PEURALA, S. H., KANTANEN, M. P., SJÖGREN, T., PALTAMAA, J., KARHULA, M., HEINONEN, A.: Effectiveness of constraint-induced movement therapy on activity and participation after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin. Reh., roč. 26, 2011, č. 3, s. 209-223.

156. PLATZ, T., WINTER, T., MÜLLER, N. et al.: Arm ability training for stroke and traumatic brain injury patients with mild arm paresis: A single-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil, roč. 82, 2001, č. 7, s. 961-968.

157. PLOUGHMAN, M., AUSTIN, M. W., GLYNN, L., CORBETT, D.: The effects of poststroke aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity: a systematic review of animal and clinical studies. Transl. Stroke Res., roč. 6, 2015, č. 1, s. 13-28.

158. POHL, M., MEHRHOLZ, J.: A new shoulder range of motion screening measurement: its reliability and application in the assessment of the prevalence of shoulder contractures in patients with impaired consciousness caused by severe brain damage. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., roč. 86, 2005, č. 1, s. 98-104.

159. POLESE, L. C., ADA, L., DEAN, C. M., NASCIMENTO, L. R., TEIXEIRA-SALMELA, L. F.: Treadmill training is effective for ambulatory adults with stroke: a systematic review. J. Phys., roč. 59, 2013, č. 2, s. 73-80.

160. POLLOCK, A., FARMER, S. E., BRADY, M. C., LANGHORNE, P., MEAD, G. E., MEHRHOLZ, J., van WIJCK, F.: Interventions for improving upper limb function after stroke. Cochrane databáze Syst. Rev., roč. 12, 2014, č. 11, CD010820.

161. PRAKASH, R. S., SNOOK, E. M., ERICKSON, K. I., COLCOMBE, S. J., VOSS, M. W., MOTL, R. W., KRAMER, A. F.: Cardiorespiratory fitness: A predictor of cortical plasticity in multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage., roč. 34, 2007, č. 3, s. 1238-1244.

162. PROSKE, U., GANDEVIA, S. C.: The proprioceptive senses: their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force. Physiol. Rev., roč. 92, 2012, č. 4, s. 1651-1697.

163. PROSKE, U., MORGAN, D. L., GREGORY, J. E.: Thixotropy in skeletal muscle and in muscle spindles: A review. Prog. Neurobiol., roč. 41, 1993, č. 6, s. 705-721.

164. PURVES, D., AUGUSTINE, G. J., FITZPATRICK, D., HALL, W. C., LaMANTIA, A. S., McNAMARA, J. O., WILLIAMS, S. M.: Neuroscience 4ed, Sunderland, Sinauer Associates, Inc., 2014.

165. RAINE, S., MEADOWS, L., LYNCH-ELLERINGTON, M.: Bobath concept Theory and clinical practice in neurological rehabilitation. Chichester, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2009.

166. REINER, R.: Virtual reality for neurorehabilitation. In: DIETZ V., WARD N. (eds.): Oxford textbook of neurorehabilitation. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2015.

167. RENSINK, M., SCHUURMANS, M., LINDEMAN, E., HAFTEINSDÓTTIR, T.: Task-oriented training in rehabilitation after stroke: Systematic review. J. Adv. Nurs, roč. 65, 2009, č. 4, s. 737-754.

168. RICCIO, I., IOLASCON, G., BARILLARI, M. R., GIMIGLIANO, R., GIMIGLIANO, F.: Mental practice is effective in upper limb recovery after stroke: a randomized single-blind cross-over study. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med., roč. 46, 2010, č. 1, s. 19-25.

169. RICHARDS, L., HANSON, C., WELLBORN, M., SETHI, A.: Driving motor recovery after stroke. Top. Stroke. Rehabil., roč. 15, 2008, č. 5, s. 397-411.

170. RIZZO, A., KIM, G. J.: A SWOT analysis of the field of virtual reality rehabilitation and therapy. Presence, roč. 14, 2005, č. 2, s. 119-146.

171. RODRIQUEZ, A. A.: Botulinum toxin injection of spastic finger flexors in hemiplegic patients. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil., roč. 79, 2000, č. 1, s. 44-47.

172. SACKLEY, C., BRITTLE, N., PATEL, S., ELLINS, J., SCOTT, M., WRIGHT, C., DEWEY, M. E.: The prevalence of joint contractures, pressure sores, painful shoulder, other pain, falls, and depression in the year after a severely disabling stroke. Stroke, roč. 39, 2008, č. 12, s. 3329-3334.

173. SAUNDERS, D. H., SANDERSON, M., BRAZZELLI, M., GREIG, C. A., MEAD, G. E.: Physical fitness training for stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., roč. 10, 2013, CD003316.

174. SEITZ, R. J.: Brain events in the acute period of stroke in relation to subsequent repair. In: CRAMER S.C., NUDO R.J. (eds.): Brain repair after stroke. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010.

175. SHEPHERD, R. B. (ed.): Cerebral palsy in infancy. Edinburgh, Elsevier Ltd, 2014.

176. SHEPHERD, R. B., CARR, J.: Treadmill walking in neurorehabilitation. Neurorehabilitaion and Neural. Repair., roč. 13, 1999, s. 171-173.

177. SHUMWAY-COOK, A., WOOLLACOTT, M.: Motor control: translating research into clinical practice, 4ed., Philadelphia, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012.

178. SCHUEMIE, M. J., VAN DER STRAATEN, P., KRIJN, M., VAN DER MAST, C. A.: Research on presence in virtual reality: a survey. Cyberpsychol. Behav., roč. 4, 2001, č. 2, s. 183-201.

179. SCHWARTZ, I., MEINER, Z.: Robotic-assisted gait training in neurological patients: Who may benefit? Ann. Biomed. Eng., 2015, Feb 28. [Epub ahead of print].

180. SINGER, B. J., JEGASOTHY, G. M., SINGER, K. P., ALLISON, G. T., DUNNE, J. W.: Incidence of ankle contracture after moderate to severe acquired brain injury. Arch. Phys. Med .Rehabil., roč. 85, 2004, č. 9, s. 1465-1469.

181. SMANIA, N., GANDOLFI, M., PAOLUCCI, S., IOSA, M., IANES, P., RECCHIA, S., GIOVANZANA, C., MOLTENI, F., AVESANI, R. et al.: Reduced-intensity modified constraint-induced movement therapy versus conventional therapy for upper extremity rehabilitation after stroke: A multicenter trial. Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair., roč. 26, 2012, č. 9, s. 1035-1045.

182. SONG, R., TONG, K. Y., HU, X. L., TSANG, V. S., LI, L.: The therapeutic effects of myoelectrically controlled robotic system for persons after stroke – a pilot study. Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBS=06). 28th Annual International Conference of the IEEE; 2006, Aug, New York (NY), s. 4945-4948.

183. STEFAN, K., KUNESCH, E., COHEN, L. G., BENECKE, R., CLASSEN, J.: Induction of plasticity in the human motor cortex by paired associative stimulation. Brain, roč. 123, 2000, č. 3, s. 572-584.

184. STEFAN, K., WYCISLO, M., CLASSEN, J.: Modulation of associative human motor cortical plasticity by attention. J. Neurophysiol., roč. 92, 2004, č. 1, s. 66-72.

185. STERN, P. H., McDOWELL, F., MILLER, J. M., ROBINSON, M.: Effects of facilitation exercise techniques in stroke rehabilitation. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., roč. 51, 1970, č. 9, s. 526-531.

186. STERN, S. A., ALBERINI, C. M.: Mechanisms of memory enhancement. Wiley Interdiscip Revm Syst, Biol, Med., roč. 5, 2013, č. 1, s. 37-53.

187. SUBRAMANIAN, S. K., MASSIE, C. L., MALCOLM, M. P. et al.: Does provision of extrinsic feedback result in improved motor learning in the upper limb poststroke? A systematic review of the evidence. Neurorehabil. Neural. Repair., roč. 24, 2010, č. 2, s. 113-124.

188. SVEISTRUP, H.: Motor rehabilitation using virtual reality. J. Neuroeng. Rehabil., roč. 1, 2004, č. 1, s. 10.

189. ŠTĚTKÁŘOVÁ, I., EHLER, E., JECH, R.: Spasticita a její léčba. Praha, MaxdorfJessenius, 2012.

190. TAKAHASHI, C. D., DER-YEGHIAIAN, L., LE, V., MOTIWALA, R. R., CRAMER, S. C.: Robot-based hand motor therapy after stroke. Brain., roč. 131, 2008, č. 2, s. 425-437.

191. TALVITIE, U.: Socio-affective characteristics and properties of extrinsic feedback in physiotherapy. Physiother. Res. Int, roč. 5, 2000, č. 3, s. 173-189.

192. TAUB, E., USWATTE, G., MARK, V. W., MORRIS, D. M., BARMAN, J., BOWMAN, M. H., BRYSON, C., DELGADO, A., BISHOP-McKAY, S.: Method for enhancing real-world use of a more affected arm in chronic stroke: transfer package of constraint-induced movement therapy. Stroke, roč. 44, 2013, č. 5, s. 1383-1388.

193. THRANE, G., FRIBORG, O., ANKE, A., INDREDAVIK, B.: A meta-analysis of constraint-induced movement therapy after stroke. J. Rehabil. Med., roč. 46, 2014, č. 9, s. 833-842.

194. TORKINGTON, J., SMITH, S. G., REES, B. I., DARZI, A.: Skill transfer from virtual reality to a real laparoscopic task. Surg. Endosc., roč., 15, 2001, č. 10, s. 1076-1079.

195. TURTON, A. J., BRITTON, E.: A pilot randomized controlled trial of a daily muscle stretch regime to prevent contractures in the arm after stroke. Clin. Rehabil., roč. 19, 2005, č. 6, s. 600-612.

196. UMPHRED, D. A.: Neurological rehabilitation. St. Louis, Mosby, 2012.

197. VAN VLIET, P. M., WULF, G.: Extrinsic feedback for motor learning after stroke: what is the evidence? Disabil. Rehabil, roč. 28, 2006, č. 13-14, s. 831-840.

198. VEERBEEK, J. M., VAN WEGEN, E., VAN PEPPEN, R., VAN DER WEES, P. J., HENDRIKS, E., RIETBERG, M., KWAKKEL, G.: What is the evidence for physical therapy poststroke? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS One., roč. 9, 2014, č. 2, s. e87987.

199. VÉLE, F.: Kineziologie. Praha, Triton, 2006.

200. VINTI, M., COUILLANDRE, A., HAUSSELLE, J., BAYLE, N., PRIMERANO, A., MERLO, A., HUTIN, E., GRACIES, J. M.: Influence of effort intensity and gastrocnemius stretch on co-contraction and torque production in the healthy and paretic ankle. Clin. Neurophysiol., roč. 123, 2013, č. 3, s. 528-535.

201. WAGENAAR, R. C., MEIJER, O. G., VAN WIERINGER, P. C., KUIK, D. J., HAZENBERG, G. J., LINDEBOOM, J. et al.: The functional recovery of stroke: a comparison between neuro-developmental treatment and the Brunnstrom method. Scand. J. Rehabil. Med., roč. 22, 1990, č. 1, s. 1-8.

202. WALL, P. D., NOORDENBOS, W.: Sensory functions which remain in man after complete transection of dorsal columns. Brain, roč. 100, 1977, č. 4, s. 641-653.

203. WARD, N. S.: Human brain mapping of the motor system after stroke. In: CRAMER S.C., NUDO R.J. (eds): Brain repair after stroke. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010.

204. WEISS, P. L., KIZONY, R. FEINTUCH, U., RAND, D., KATZ, N.: Virtual reality application in neurorehabilitation. In: SELZER M.E., CLARKE S., COHEN L.G., KWAKKEL G., MILLER R. H. (eds.): Textbook of neural repair and rehabilitation 2ed. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014.

205. WILLIAMS, P. E., GOLDSPINK, G.: Connective tissue changes in immobilised muscle. J. Anat., roč. 138, 1984, č. 2, s. 343-350.

206. WITMER, B. G., SINGER, M. J.: Measuring presence in virtual environments: A presence questionnaire. Presence, roč. 7, 1998, s. 225-240.

207. WOLF, S. L., NEWTON, H., MADDY, D., BLANTON, S., ZHANG, Q., WINSTEIN, C. J., MORRIS, D. M., LIGHT, K.: The excite trial: relationship of intensity of constraint induced movement therapy to improvement in the wolf motor function test. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci., roč. 25, 2007, č. 5-6, s. 549-562.

208. WOLF, S. L., WINSTEIN, C. J.: Intensive physical therapeutic approaches to stroke recovery. In: CRAMER S. C., NUDO R. J. (eds.): Brain repair after stroke. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010.

209. WOLF, S. L.: Electromyographic biofeedback applications to stroke patients. A critical review. Phys. Ther., roč. 63, 1983, č. 9, s. 1448-1459.

210. XERRI, C., MERZENICH, M. M., PETERSON, B. E., JENKINS, W.: Plasticity of primary somatosensory cortex paralleling sensorimotor skill recovery from stroke in adult monkeys. J. Neurophysiol., roč. 79, 1998, č. 4, s. 2119-2148.

211. YANG, Y. R., TSAI, M. P., CHUANG, T. Y., SUNG, W. H., WANG, R. Y.: Virtual reality-based training improves community ambulation in individuals with stroke: A randomized controlled trial. Gait and Posture., roč. 28, 2008, č. 2, s. 201-206.

212. YARKONY, G. M., SAHGAL, V.: Contractures. A major complication of craniocerebral trauma. Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res., roč. 219, 1987, s. 93-96.

213. YELNIK, A. P., SIMON, O., PARRATTE, B., GRACIES, J. M.: How to clinically assess and treat muscle overactivity in spastic paresis. J. Rehabil. Med., roč. 42, 2010, č. 9, s. 801-807.

214. ZAAIMI, B., EDGLEY, S. A., SOTEROPOULOS, D. S., BAKER, S. N.: Changes in descending motor pathway connectivity after corticospinal tract lesion in macaque monkey. Brain., roč. 135, 2012, č. 7, s. 2277-2289.