Effects of Air pollution on cardiovascular mortality
Authors:
J. Spáčil
Authors‘ workplace:
Univerzita Karlova v Praze, 1. lékařská fakulta, III. interní klinika VFN
Published in:
Čas. Lék. čes. 2009; 148: 379-382
Category:
Review Article
Overview
Air pollution consists from a mixture of gases, fluids and solid particles. The highest attention receive the fine particulate matter (less than 10 μm in diameter), containing thousands of different substances and being able to penetrate the bronchial tree. The smaller particles (less than 2.5 μm in diameter) penetrate up to the alveoli and the finest ones into the blood stream. Within their deposits, particles trigger a cascade of inflammatory reactions and an oxidative stress. They initiate many short-term and long-term pathophysiological processes. Epidemiologic surveys demonstrate that the higher concentration of pollutants is usually related to the higher overall and particularly cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Negative effects are usually rather small and can be drown with other factors, namely the classical risk factors. Because pollution affects many people its effects can be very serious. It was confirmed in the US that the long lasting decrease of air pollution is accompanied with the prolongation of the average life expectancy.
Key words:
air pollution, cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, risk factors, life expectancy.
Sources
1. Kyselý J, Kříž B. Vysoké letní teploty a úmrtnost v České republice 1982–2000. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 2003; 52: 105–116.
2. Kysely J, Pokorna L, Kyncl J, Kriz B. Excess cardiovascular mortality associated with cold spells in the Czech Republic. BMC Public Health 2009, 9: 19–30.
3. Sitar J. Vliv změn počasí a klimatu na zdravého a nemocného člověka. Čas. Lék. čes, 1993,132: 5–69.
4. Sitar J. O mimozemských vlivech na zdravého a nemocného člověka. Čas Lék čes 1994; 133: 103–110.
5. Simkhovich BZ, Kleinman MT, Kloner RA. Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Injury. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 719–726.
6. Brook RD, Franclin B, Cascio W, et al. Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation 2004; 109: 2655–2671.
7. Samoli E, Peng R, Ramsay T, et al. Acute effects of ambient particulate matter on mortality in Europe and North America: results from the APHENA study. Environ Health Perspect 2008; 16: 1480–1486.
8. Maitre A, Bonneterre V, Huillard L, et al. Impact of urban atmospheric pollution on coronary disease. European Heart J 2006; 27: 2275–2284.
9. Dominici F, Peng RD, Bell ML, et al. Fine particulate air pollution and hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. JAMA 2006; 295: 1127–1134.
10. Kokon PJM, Piver WT, Ye F. Temperature, air pollution, and hospitalization for cardiovascular diseases aminy elderly people in Denver. Environ Health Perspect 2003; 111: 1312–1317.
11. Aga E, Samoli E, Toulomi G, et al. Short-term effects of ambient particles on mortality in the elderly: results from 28 cities in the APHEA2 project. Eur Respir J 2003; 21 (Suppl. 40): 28–33.
12. Bachárová L, Fandáková K, Bratinka J, et al. The association between air pollution and the daily number of death: findings from the Slovak Republic contribution to the APHEA project. J Epidemiol Comm Health 1996; 50 (Suppl. 1): 19–21.
13. Wotyniak B, Piekarski T. Short term effect o fair pollution on mortality in Polish urban populations-waht is different? J Epidemiol Comm Health 1996; 50 (Suppl. 1): 36–41.
14. Dockery DW, Pope CA, Xu X, et al. An association between air pollution and mortality in six U.S. cities. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1753–1759.
15. Pope CA, Burnett RT, Thurston GD, et al. Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution. Circulation 2004; 109: 71–77.
16. Miller KA, Siscovick DS, Sheppard L, et al. Long-term exposure to air pollution and incidence of cardiovascular events in women. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 447–458.
17. Piety RC, Schwarz J, Hart JE, et al. Chronic particulate exposure, mortality and coronary heart disease in the Nursesę Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 2008; 168: 1161–1168.
18. Chen LH, Knutsen SF, Slavik D. The association between fatal coronary heart disease and ambient particulate air pollution: Are Females at greater risk? Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113: 1723–1729.
19. Filleul L, Rondelu V, Vandentorren S, et al. Twenty five year mortality and air pollution: results from the French PAARC survey. Occup Environ Med 2005; 62: 453–460.
20. Rosenlund M, Berglind N, Pershagen G, et al. Long-term exposure to urban pollution and myocardial infarction. Epidemiology 2006; 17: 383–390.
21. Hoffmann B, Foebus S, Möhlenkamp S, et al. Residential exposure to traffic is associated with coronary atherosclerosis. Circulation 2007; 116: 489–496.
22. Tonne C, Beevers S, Armstrong B, et al. Air pollution and mortality benefits of the London Congestion Charge: spatial and socioeconomic inequalities. Occup Environ Med 2008; 65: 620–627.
23. Bobak M, Leon DA. Air pollution and infant mortality in the Czech Republic, 1986–1988. Lancet 1992; 340: 1010–1014.
24. Dostál M, Hertz-Picciotto I, James R, et al. Znečištěné ovzduší a nemocnost dětí. Čas Lék čes 2001; 140: 529–532.
25. Kotěšovec F, Skorkovský J, Brynda J, et al. Denní úmrtnost a znečištění ovzduší v severních Čechách. Čas Lék čes 2000; 139: 66–173.
26. Zpráva o životním prostředí České republiky v roce 2006. www.mzp.cz
27. Zdravotnická ročenka 2007. www.uzis.cz
Labels
Addictology Allergology and clinical immunology Angiology Audiology Clinical biochemistry Dermatology & STDs Paediatric gastroenterology Paediatric surgery Paediatric cardiology Paediatric neurology Paediatric ENT Paediatric psychiatry Paediatric rheumatology Diabetology Pharmacy Vascular surgery Pain managementArticle was published in
Journal of Czech Physicians
Most read in this issue
- Pheochromocytoma: diagnosis and treatment
- Diagnostics and treatment of organic hyperinsulinism – experience in 105 cases
- Hypertensive crisis – the present view
- Electrocardiography of yesterday and today