Vitamin D metabolism
Authors:
V. Kulda
Authors‘ workplace:
Ústav lékařské chemie a biochemie Lékařské fakulty UK Plzeň, přednosta prof. MUDr. Jaroslav Racek, DrSc.
Published in:
Vnitř Lék 2012; 58(5): 400-404
Category:
Appendix: Vitamin D
Overview
itamin D is the collective name for cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) and ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), which are precursors of hormones with an important role in regulation of the metabolism of calcium and phosphates. This review article describes the production of vitamin D3 in the skin by ultraviolet radiation from sunlight, transport of vitamin D and its metabolites in blood, formation of the active hormonal form – calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) by hydroxylation in the liver and kidney, and termination of the action by catabolism to inactive metabolites.
Key words:
vitamin D – UVB – ergocalciferol – cholecalciferol – calcitriol – vitamin D binding protein
Sources
1. Holick MF. McCollum Award Lecture, 1994: vitamin D – new horizons for the 21st century. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60: 619–630.
2. Mohr SB. A brief history of vitamin D and cancer prevention. Ann Epidemiol 2009; 19: 79–83.
3. Waisser K. Nové české názvosloví organické chemie. Praha: Karolinum 2002: 147–158.
4. Chiellini G, DeLuca HF. The importance of stereochemistry on the actions of vitamin D. Curr Top Med Chem 2011; 11: 840–859.
5. Lehmann B, Meurer M. Vitamin D metabolism. Dermatol Ther 2010; 23: 2–12.
6. Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988; 67: 373–378.
7. Armas LA, Dowell S, Akhter M et al. Ultraviolet-B radiation increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels: the effect of UVB dose and skin color. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 57: 588–593.
8. Chen TC, Chimeh F, Lu Z et al. Factors that influence the cutaneous synthesis and dietary sources of vitamin D. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 460: 213–217.
9. Webb AR, DeCosta BR, Holick MF. Sunlight regulates the cutaneous production of vitamin D3 by causing its photodegradation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68: 882–887.
10. Wolpowitz D, Gilchrest BA. The vitamin D questions: how much do you need and how should you get it? J Am Acad Dermatol 2006; 54: 301–317.
11. Rhodes LE, Webb AR, Fraser HI et al. Recommended summer sunlight exposure levels can produce sufficient [> or =20 ng ml(–1)] but not the proposed optimal [> or = 32 ng ml(–1)] 25(OH)D levels at UK latitudes. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130: 1411–1418.
12. Holick MF. Sunlight, UV-radiation, vitamin D and skin cancer: how much sunlight do we need? Adv Exp Med Biol 2008; 624: 1–15.
13. Bikle DD. Vitamin D: an ancient hormone. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20: 7–13.
14. Christakos S, Ajibade DV, Dhawan P et al. Vitamin D: metabolism. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2010; 39: 243–253.
15. Spustová V, Dzúrik R. Vitamin D: synthesis, metabolism, regulation, and an assessment of its deficiency in patients with chronic renal disease. Vnitř Lék 2004; 50: 537–543.
16. Noël ES, Reis MD, Arain Z et al. Analysis of the Albumin/alpha-Fetoprotein/Afamin Group specific component gene family in the context of zebrafish liver differentiation. Gene Expr Patterns 2010; 10: 237–243.
17. Kawakami M, Blum CB, Ramakrishnan R et al. Turnover of the plasma binding protein for vitamin D and its metabolites in normal human subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1981; 53: 1110–1116.
18. Bikle DD, Gee E, Halloran B et al. Free 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels in serum from normal subjects, pregnant subjects, and subjects with liver disease. J Clin Invest 1984; 74: 1966–1971.
19. Kaseda R, Hosojima M, Sato H et al. Role of megalin and cubilin in the metabolism of vitamin D(3). Ther Apher Dial 2011; 15: (Suppl 1): 14–17.
20. Cheng JB, Levine MA, Bell NH et al. Genetic evidence that the human CYP2R1 enzyme is a key vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101: 7711–7715.
21. Sakaki T, Sugimoto H, Hayashi K et al. Bioconversion of vitamin D to its active form by bacterial or mammalian cytochrome P450. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1814: 249–256.
22. Adams JS, Hewison M. Update in vitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010; 95: 471–478.
23. Prosser DE, Jones G. Enzymes involved in the activation and inactivation of vitamin D. Trends Biochem Sci 2004; 29: 664–673.
24. Haussler MR, Jurutka PW, Mizwicki M et al. Vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated actions of 1α,25(OH)2vitamin D3: genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011; 25: 543–559.
25. Omdahl JL, Morris HA, May BK. Hydroxylase enzymes of the vitamin D pathway: expression, function, and regulation. Annu Rev Nutr 2002; 22: 139–166.
26. Mithal A, Wahl DA, Bonjour JP et al. IOF Committee of Scientific Advisors (CSA) Nutrition Working Group. Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int 2009; 20: 1807–1820.
27. Pazdiora P, Svobodova S, Fuchsova R et al. Vitamin D in colorectal, breast, prostate and lung cancer: a pilot study. Anticancer Res 2011; 31: 3619–3621.
Labels
Diabetology Endocrinology Internal medicineArticle was published in
Internal Medicine
2012 Issue 5
Most read in this issue
- Vitamin D metabolism
- Vitamin D and neurological diseases
- Eyelids with yellow granulomas and cough – periocular xanthogranuloma associated with adult-onset asthma. A case study and an overview of clinical forms of juvenile xanthogranuloma and its therapy
- Scoring systems to evaluate prognosis of community-acquired pneumonias