OCT ANGIOGRAPHY AND DOPPLER SONOGRAPHY IN NORMAL-TENSION GLAUCOMA

Overview

Aims: To investigate the dependence of blood vessel density and velocity in ophthalmic artery and arteria centralis retinae of the same eye in patients with normotensive glaucoma.

Methods: The sample consisted of 20 patients with normotensive glaucoma (NTG). There were 17 women (mean age 56.1) and 3 men (mean age 60 years). Inclusion criteria for study: visual acuity 1.0 with correction up to ±3 dioptres, approximately equal changes in the visual field, whereby it was incipient NTG and diagnosis was confirmed by electrophysiological examination, without further ocular or neurological disease. Parameters of vessel density (VD) were evaluated by Avanti RTVue XR (Optovue). Perfusion parameters such as peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistive index (RI) were evaluated for ophthalmic artery (AO) and arteria centralis retinae (ACR) using Doppler sonography (Affinity 70G Philips, probe 5–12 MHz). Visual field (VF) was evaluated by automated perimeter (Medmont M700) using fast threshold glaucoma strategy test. The sum of sensitivity levels in apostilb (asb) were evaluated in range 0–22 degrees of visual field. Resulting values of VF were compared with VD and perfusion parameters in AO and ACR at the same eye.

Results: Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the dependence. Data shows, that changes in visual fields are mainly caused by peripapillary VD of small and all vessels, and vessels throughout measured image area also. Correlation of small vessels throughout measured image area was weak (r = 0.23). Moderate negative correlation was found for PSV in AO and peripapillary small VD (r = -0.46), all peripapillary VD (r = -0.49), VD in whole area (r = -0.45), then between EDV in AO and VD in whole area (r = -0.42). Other correlations between VD and perfusion parameter were insignificant.

Conclusions: Study confirms, that changes of visual field in NTG patients are mainly caused by VD rather than perfusion parameters, especially in AO. Perfusion parameters in ACR are not significantly correlated with changes of VF in NTG patients.

Keywords:

visual field – Doppler sonography – OCT angiography – vessel density – normotension glaucoma

INTRODUCTION

In normal-tension glaucoma (NTG), damage takes place to the nerve fibres of the ganglion cells on the level of the optic nerve papilla and its anterior section [1]. It is known from the literature that in NTG the arteria ophthalmica (AO) and arteria centralis retinae (ACR) are altered [2,3,4]. As a result, it was the aim of this study to determine whether a dependency exists between VD and flow parameters in the ACR and AO.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The observed cohort consisted of 20 patients with NTG, comprising 17 women with an average age of 56.1 years (43-79 years) and 3 men with an average age of 60 years (51-66 years). Among the inclusion criteria for the study were the following: visual acuity of 1.0, if applicable with correction of less than ± 3 dioptres, approximately the same changes in the visual field in all patients, diagnosis of incipient NTG confirmed by electrophysiological examination, no other ocular or neurological pathology. Vessel density (VD) was determined with the aid of Avanti RTVue and XR (Optovue). Whole image (WI) and peripapillary (PP) values of VD were analysed. In both cases, both all blood vessels (VDa) and small blood vessels (VDs) were analysed. The perfusion parameters were obtained using Doppler sonography on an instrument Affinity 70G (Philips, probe 5–12 MHz). Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), resistance index (RI) in the arteria ophthalmica (AO) and arteria centralis retinae (ACR) were measured. The visual field was evaluated according to a glaucoma test with a fast threshold strategy (Medmont M700). The sum of sensitivity levels in apostilbs (asb) was evaluated within the range of 0–22 degrees of the visual field. The results of sensitivity levels in the visual field were compared with VD and the measured flow parameters of the same eye. A Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used for assessment of the dependency between selected parameters.

RESULTS

The average measured values are shown in tables 1 and 2. On the basis of these values it is possible to determine that changes in visual fields are contributed to especially by peripapillary VD (VDa and VDs), as well as all vessels of VD from the entire area of measurement with the stated tool (WIVDa). Small vessels from the area of WI (WIVDs) have no significant influence (r = 0.23). In the case of dependency between VD and flow parameters in the ACR and CO, a medium indirect dependency was determined between PPVDa and PSVAO (r = -0.49), PPVDs and PSVAO (r = -0.46) and WIVDa and PSVAO (r = -0.45). A similar relationship was recorded also between EDVAO and PPVDa (r = -0.41), EDVAO and PPVDs (r = -0.41) and EDVAO and WIVDa (r = -0.42). Other correlations between VD and flow parameters were insignificant. Our results demonstrated that changes in the visual field are contributed to mainly by the vascular component of VD, specifically more PPVDa, PPVDs and WIVDa than WIVDs. Only a weak correlation was recorded between the perfusion parameters and visual field (PSVAO = -0.23; PSVACR = 0.26; EDVAO = -0.27; EDVACR = 0.22).

DISCUSSION

Haemodynamic changes leading to ischaemia may be one of the important manifestations in NTG. As a result, the parameters measured with the aid of Doppler sonography may also serve as a potential diagnostic tool in NTG [3,4].

Six years ago, Mi et al. wrote in a summary study that to date no comprehensive technique exists for evaluating ocular blood flow. Different measurements provide different details on vascular parameters, and it is necessary to interpret them differently. Precision and multi-functionality are therefore trends of prospective application of current approaches to the assessment of ocular blood flow (OBF) [5].

The most popular method in clinical conditions is colour Doppler imaging (CDI). This is used for evaluating the velocity of blood flow through the retrobulbar blood vessels with the aid of the resistance index as a parameter. A higher value of the resistance index represents greater vascular resistance, which indicates a disorder of perfusion. Examination by CDI is an older method in comparison with OCT angiography, and has been used in ophthalmology since the end of the 20th century. In our study we did not attempt to compare the measured perfusion values with a group of healthy subjects. As an example, we present a comparison with the results of other authors [2]. Vascular dysregulation leads to unstable ocular blood flow, which may result in ischaemia and damage to the optic nerve [6,7].

OCT angiography is a relatively new, non-invasive and reproducible method. The initial results of studies have demonstrated a high diagnostic potential in glaucoma, and in the future they could contribute to the management of this pathology [8]. Through a comparison of OCT angiography with the method of laser flow measurement in patients with NTG, the authors determined a higher diagnostic value using OCT angiography than flow measurement [9]. For the study of glaucoma, examination of perfusion parameters of superficial retinal microcirculation has greater validity in the peripapillary region than in the macular region [10].

Our examination in NTG demonstrated that VD plays a large role in changes in the visual field. We demonstrated a lower dependency in the case of WIVDs. Changes in the density of blood vessels in the peripapillary region in NTG have also been recorded by other authors [7,9,11,12,13,14,15,16].

Tepelus et al. determined that eyes with NTG also had lower choriocapillary perfusion density than a control group [14].

We can concur with this conclusion also on the basis of our own examination. We believe that in NTG a very important role is played by the loss of capillaries mainly in the region of the optic nerve papillary and its anterior section. Changes of flow parameters determined by Doppler ultrasonography confirm this assumption. We are not yet able to state by which process this loss of capillaries takes place. An explanation may be offered by the study by Cheng et al., who determined higher viscosity of blood in patients with NTG, which may be linked to impaired deformability of erythrocytes, in connection with a change of their rigidity. Higher viscoelasticity and viscosity of blood in patients with NTG, at a low flow speed, was caused by increased aggregability of erythrocytes. Impaired deformability of erythrocytes in NTG patients is also susceptible to the development of abnormalities of distal microcirculation. Increased blood viscosity and low effectiveness of blood oxygen transport may lead to hypoperfusion of the optic nerve in patients with NTG [17]. For the stipulated quantity of blood to flow through the given region, its speed must be increased upon a disorder of the bloodstream. We determined this also in our own cohort (PSV). All the above matters may then contribute to the pathogenesis of NTG.

CONCLUSION

Our results demonstrated that changes in the visual field are contributed mainly by the vascular component of VD, specifically more PPVDa, PPVDs and WIVDa than WIVDs. We recorded an indirect medium correlation between VD and PSVAO. The other correlations between VD and flow parameters were insignificant. VD contributes more to changes in the visual field than perfusion parameters in the AO. Perfusion in the ACR does not play a significant role in changes in the visual field in NTG.