#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Pharmacological treatment of diabetic retinopathy


Authors: A. Šmahelová
Authors‘ workplace: Diabetologické centrum Kliniky gerontologické a metabolické Lékařské fakulty UK a FN Hradec Králové, přednosta prof. MUDr. Luboš Sobotka, CSc., a Subkatedra diabetologie II. interní kliniky Lékařské fakulty UK a FN Hradec Králové, přednosta prof. MUDr. Ja
Published in: Vnitř Lék 2007; 53(5): 512-520
Category:

Overview

Diabetic retinopathy is the most serious diabetic complication. Modern pharmacotherapy offers a wide range of potential treatments (ACE inhibitors, sartans, hypolipidemic drugs, drugs influencing proteinkinase C and vascular endotelial growth factor etc.). Diabetic retinopathy was previously treated surgically but today pharmacotherapy is becoming increasingly important. Undoubtly basic strategy for preventing diabetic retinopathy is antihyperglycemic therapy and normoglycemia.

Key words:
ACE inhibitors – sartans – hypolipidemic drugs – proteinkinase C – vascular endotelial growth factor


Sources

1. Porta M, Bandello F. Diabetic retinopathy-a clinical update. Diabetologia 2002; 45: 1617-1634.

2. Gale EAM, Anderson JV. Diabetes mellitus and other disorders of metabolism. In: Kumar P, Clark M (eds). Clinical Medicine. 5th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Elsevier Science: 1069-1123.

3. Nordwall M, Bojestig M, Redquist HJ et al. Declining incidence of severe retinopathy and persisting decrease of nephropathy in an unselected population of Type 1 diabetes-the Linkoping Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetologia 2004; 47: 1266-1272.

4. Bojestig M, Arnquist HJ, Karlberg BE et al. Unchanged incidence of severe retinopathy in a population of Type 1 diabetic patients with marked reduction of nephropathy. Diabet Med 2000; 15: 863-869.

5. Fong DS, Aiello LP, Ferris FL 3rd et al. Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2540-2553.

6. Rabensteiner D, Abrahamian H, Irsigler K et al. ACE gene polymorphism and proliferative retinopathy in type 1 diabetes: results of a case-control study. Diabetes Care 1999; 22: 1530-1535.

7. Bui BV, Armitage JA, Tolcos M et al. ACE inhibition salvages the visual loss caused by diabetes. Diabetologia 2003; 46: 401-408.

8. Moravski ChJ, Kelly DJ, Cooper ME et al. Retinal Neovascularization Is Prevented by Blockade of the Renin-Aldosteron System. Hypertension 2000; 36: 1099.

9. Chatuverdi N, Sjoelie AK et al. Effect of lisinopril on progression of retinopathy in normotensive people with type 1 diabetes. The EUCLID Study Group. EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinoperil in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Lancet 1998, 35: 28-31.

10. Boehm BO, Schillind S et al. Elevated serum levels of Nω-carboxymethyl-lysine, an advanced glycation and product, are associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and macular oedema. Diabetologia 2004; 47: 1376-1379.

11. Stratton IM et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study BMJ 2000; 321: 405-412.

12. Williams R et al. The evidence Base for Diabetes Care Wiley 2002

13. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy X. Four-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy when age at diagnosis is 30 years or more. Arch Opht 1989; 107: 244-249.

14. Henricsson M, Nilsson A, Janzon L et al. The effect of glyacemic control and the introduction of insulin therapy on retinopathy in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1997; 14: 123-131.

15. Pandit RJ, Taylor R. Quality assurance in screening for sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy. Diabet Med 2002; 10: 285-291.

16. Arun CS, Pandit R, Taylor R. Long-term progression of retinopathy after initiation of insulin therapy in Type 2 diabetes: an observational study. Diabetologia 2004; 47: 1380-1384.

17. White MH, Cleary PA, Dahms W et al. Beneficial effects of intensive therapy of diabetes during adolescence: outcomes after the conclusion of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT). J Pediatr 2001; 139: 804-812.

18. DCCT The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the diabetes control and complications trial. Diabetes 1995; 44: 968-983.

19. Berlowitz DR, Ash AS, Hickey EC et al. Hypertension Management in Patients With Diabetes. The need for more aggressive therapy. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 355-359.

20. Wong TY, Klein R, Klein BE et al. Retinal microvascular abnormalities and their relationship with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Surv Ophthalmol. 2001; 46: 59-80.

21. Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE et al. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy, XVII: the 14-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy and associated risk factors in type 1 diabetes. Ophthalmology 1998; 105: 1801-1815.

22. Zander E, Heinke P, Herfurth S et al. Relations between diabetic retinopathy and cardiovascular neuropathy: a cross-sectional study in IDDM and NIDDM patients. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 1997; 105: 319-326.

23. Diabetes Drafting Group. Prevalence of small vessel and large vessel disease in diabetic patients from 14 centres: The World Health Organisation Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetics. Diabetologia 1985; 28 (Suppl): 615-640.

24. Agardh CD, Agardh E, Torffvit O The association between retinopathy, nephropathy, cardiovascular disease and long-term metabolic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus: a 5 year follow-up study of 442 adult patients in routine care. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1997; 35: 113-121.

25. Marshall G, Garg SK, Jackson WE et al. Factors influencing the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology 1993; 100: 1133-1139.

26. Lopes de Faria JM, Jalkh AE, Trempe CL et al. Diabetic macular edema: risk factors and concomitants. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1999; 77: 170-175.

27. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317: 703-713.

28. Schrier RW, Estacio RO, Esler A et al. Effects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokes. Kidney Int. 2002; 61: 1086-1097.

29. Marshall G, Garg SK, Jackson WE et al. Factors influencing the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy in subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology 1993; 100: 1133-1139.

30. Lopes de Faria JM, Jalkh AE, Trempe CL et al. Diabetic macular edema: risk factors and concomitants. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1999; 77: 170-175.

31. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317: 703-713.

32. Schrier RW, Estacio RO, Esler A et al. Effects of aggressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokes. Kidney Int 2002; 61: 1086-1097.

33. Matthews DR, Stratton IM, Aldington SJ et al. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Risks of progression of retinopathy and vision loss related to tight blood pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: UKPDS 69. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122: 1631-1640.

34. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317: 703-713.

35. Ravid M, Savin H, Jutrin I et al. Long-term stabilizing effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on plasma creatinine and on proteinuria in normotensive type II diabetic patients. Ann Intern Med 1993; 118: 577-581.

36. Chaturvedi N, Sjolie AK, Stephenson JM et al. Effect of lisinopril on progression of retinopathy in normotensive people with type 1 diabetes. The EUCLID Study Group. EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Lancet 1998; 351: 28-31.

37. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group: Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998; 317: 708-713.

38. Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Gifford N et al. Effect of blood pressure control on diabetic microvascular complications in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000; 23 (Suppl 2): B54-B64.

39. Anderson S Role of local and systemic angiotensin in diabetic renal disease. Kidney Int Suppl 1997; 63: S107-S110.

40. Yamagishi S, Amano S, Inagaki Y et al. Angiotensin II-type 1receptor interaction upregulates vascular endothelial growth factormessenger RNA levels in retinal pericytes through intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. Drugs Exp Clin Res 2003; 29: 75-80.

41. Lyons TJ, Jenkins AJ, Zheng D et al. Diabetic retinopathy and serum lipoprotein subclasses in the DCCT/EDIC cohort. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 910-918.

42. Miljanovic B, Glynn RJ, Nathan DM et al. A prospective study of serum lipids and risk of diabetic macular edema in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2004; 53: 2883-2892.

43. Davis MD, Fisher MR, Gangnon RE et al. Risk factors for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy and severe visual loss: Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39: 233-252.

44. National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel. Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 36-69.

45. Duncan LJP, Cullen JF, Ireland JT et al. A three-year trial of atromid therapy in exsudative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 1968; 17: 458-467.

46. Houtsmuller AJ Treatment of exsudative diabetic retinopathy with atromid-S. Ophtalmologica 1968; 156: 2-5.

47. Cullen JF, Town SM, Campbell CJ Double-blind trial of atromid-S in exsudative diabetic retinopathy. Transactions of the UK Ophtalmology Society 1974; 94: 554-562.

48. Fried LF, Forrest KYZ et al. Lipid modulation in insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: effect on microvascular outcomes. J Diabetes Complications 2001; 15: 113-119.

49. The Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes - Keech A et al. Effect of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 366: 1849-1861.

50. Dunacan IJP et al. A three years trial of atromid therapy in diabetic exsudative neuropaty. Diabetes 1968; 17: 458-467.

51. Guymer RH et al. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins): do they have a role in age-related macular degeneration? Surv Ophthalmol 2005; 50: 194-206.

52. Banerjee S et al. Does cardiovascular therapy affect the onset and recurrence of preretinal and vitreous haemorrhage in diabetic eye disease? Eye 2004; 18: 821-825.

53. Douglas K et al. Meta-analysis: the effect of statins on albuminuria. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: 117-124.

54. Fong MD, Aiello L, Gardner TW et al. the American Diabetes Association. Retinopathy in Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2007; 27: S84-S87.

55. Williams R et al. The evidence Base for Diabetes Care Wiley 2002.

56. Dorin G Evolution of retinal laser therapy: minimum intensity photocoagulation (MIP): can the laser heal the retina without harming it? Semin Ophthalmol. 2004; 19: 62-68.

57. Bandello F, Brancato R, Menchini U et al. Light panretinal photocoagulation (LPRP) versus classic panretinal photocoagulation (CPRP) in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Semin Ophthalmol 2001; 16: 12-18.

58. Donnelly R, Idris I, Forrester JV Protein kinase C inhibition and diabetic retinopathy: a shot in the dark at translational research. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88: 145-151.

59. Danis RP, Bingaman DP, Jirousek M et al. Inhibition of intraocular neovascularization caused by retinal ischemia in pigs by PKCbeta inhibition with LY333531. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1998; 39: 171-179.

60. Aiello LP, Bursell SE, Clermont A et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced retinal permeability is mediated by protein kinase C in vivo and suppressed by an orally effective beta-isoform-selective inhibitor. Diabetes 1997; 46: 1473-1480.

61. Donnelly R, Idris I, Forrester JV. Protein kinase C inhibition and diabetic retinopathy: a shot in the dark at translational research. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88: 145-151.

62. Campochiaro PA. C99-PKC412-003 Study Group. Reduction of diabetic macular edema by oral administration of the kinase inhibitor PKC412. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 922-931.

63. Nimjee SM, Rusconi CP, Sullenger BA. Aptamers: an emerging class of therapeutics. Annu Rev Med 2005; 56: 555-583.

64. van Wijngaarden P, Coster DJ, Williams KA. Inhibitors of ocular neovascularization: promises and potential problems. JAMA 2005; 293: 1509-1513.

65. Eyetech Study Group. Preclinical and phase 1A clinical evaluation of an anti-VEGF pegylated aptamer (EYE001) for the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration. Retina 2002; 22: 143-152.

66. Presta LG, Chen H, O'Connor SJ et al. Humanization of an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor monoclonal antibody for the therapy of solid tumors and other disorders. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 4593-4599.

67. Nauck M, Karakiulakis G, Perruchoud AP et al. Corticosteroids inhibit the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1998; 341: 309-315.

68. Nauck M, Roth M, Tamm M et al. Induction of vascular endothelial growth factor by platelet-activating factor and platelet-derived growth factor is downregulated by corticosteroids. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997; 16: 398-406.

69. Antonetti DA, Wolpert EB, DeMaio L et al. Hydrocortisone decreases retinal endothelial cell water and solute flux coincident with increased content and decreased phosphorylation of occludin. J Neurochem 2002; 80: 667-677.

70. Martidis A, Duker JS, Greenberg PB et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2002; 109: 920-927.

71. Jonas JB, Kreissig I, Sofker A et al. Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol 2003; 121: 57-61.

72. Sorensen TL, Haamann P, Villumsen J et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone for macular oedema: efficacy in relation to aetiology. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2005; 83: 67-70.

73. Pearson P, Levy B Fluconolone Acetonide Implant Study Group. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant to treat diabetic macular edema: 2-year results of a multi-center clinical trial. Program and abstracts of the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology 2005 Annual Meeting; May 1-5, 2005; Fort Lauderdale, Florida (Abstract 4673).

74. Comer GM, Ciulla TA. Pharmacotherapy for diabetic retinopathy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2004; 15: 508-518.

75. American Diabetes Association: Retinopathy in diabetes (Position Statement).Diabetes Care 2007; 30 (Suppl 1): S21-S22.

76. Kahn CR. Atlas of Diabetes. London: Science Press 2000.

77. Adler A et al. Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000; 321: 412-419.

Labels
Diabetology Endocrinology Internal medicine

Article was published in

Internal Medicine

Issue 5

2007 Issue 5

Most read in this issue
Login
Forgotten password

Enter the email address that you registered with. We will send you instructions on how to set a new password.

Login

Don‘t have an account?  Create new account

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#