Current care standards recommend the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i, i.e., gliflozins) regardless of glycemic compensation in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and kidney disease, heart failure, or high cardiovascular (CV) risk. A recent study published in the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology (CJASN) assessed whether long-term use of SGLT2i brings benefits compared to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4i, i.e., gliptins) in diabetics without documented CV or renal disease using data from a large Israeli database.

The preferred targeted therapy added to the combination with standard chemotherapy (CHT) for left-sided metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) with non-mutated RAS oncogene should be an antibody against the epidermal growth factor receptor (anti-EGFR), not against the vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF). This is based on a direct comparison of anti-EGFR panitumumab and anti-VEGF bevacizumab in the Japanese phase III PARADIGM study. The results were presented at the ASCO 2022 annual meeting.

Czech pulmonologists have released the first interim results of this year's pilot testing of heavy smokers due to the risk of lung cancer. More than 4,000 patients passed through the hands of general practitioners, and 900 subsequently underwent low-dose CT examination. What other specific findings emerge from the data collection? And what challenges do the experts involved in this program face?

What are the recommended therapeutic modalities for consolidation and maintenance therapy of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in patients over 60 years of age? We present a clear therapeutic algorithm according to the current recommendations of the American National Comprehensive Cancer Network.

An important milestone in the treatment of glaucoma was the introduction of latanoprost with an entirely new mechanism of action compared to previously used antiglaucoma medications. Prostaglandin analogs (PGAs) have become the first-line treatment for primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) primarily due to their efficacy, once-daily dosing, and minimal systemic side effects. The following recent review briefly summarizes the impact of the introduction of PGAs 25 years ago on current clinical practice in the treatment of glaucoma.

Infantile colic represents a syndrome of behavioral disorders in infants characterized by episodes of uncontrollable crying, wailing, and restlessness without an identifiable cause. This is a common health issue affecting an estimated 5–40% of infants. There are no uniform criteria for the treatment of this benign condition yet, but available studies show a beneficial effect from administering probiotics containing Limosilactobacillus reuteri (previously known as Lactobacillus reuteri) compared with placebo and other treatment methods.

The second-generation antihistamine bilastine is approved in Europe for the treatment of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and urticaria from the age of 6 years. Recently, results from two post hoc analyses on the pharmacokinetics and safety of bilastine in children aged 6–11 years have been published.

The COVID-19 pandemic has a far-reaching impact on the physical and mental health of the global population. The current situation poses an undue burden on patients suffering from schizophrenia as well as other psychiatric disorders. According to recent studies, individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorders have higher mortality rates and worsening disease progression or overall quality of life.

During a satellite symposium at this year's European Lung Cancer Congress (ELCC 2022), Prof. Martin Reck from the Department of Thoracic Oncology at the hospital in Grosshansdorf, Germany, discussed precision medicine in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We have selected an overview of advancements in next-generation sequencing from his presentation for you.

Due to changes in mutations during the progression of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or to assess treatment response, liquid biopsy is essential for monitoring, as its results can affect the selection of targeted therapy. American authors present the case of a patient with advanced NSCLC initially treated with alectinib due to positive ALK gene rearrangement, whose therapy was switched to sotorasib after disease progression and the finding of the KRAS oncogene G12C mutation in a liquid biopsy.

The interleukin 17 (IL-17) family represents a group of pro-inflammatory cytokines that play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Inhibiting interleukins from this family has a significant anti-inflammatory effect and represents a promising therapeutic target for newly developed and applied drugs.

The Janus kinase inhibitor (JAKi) tofacitinib was relatively recently approved for the treatment of ulcerative colitis, but its effect on the intestinal epithelium remains a subject of research. The objective of the study presented below was to determine how tofacitinib aids in the repair of the cytokine-damaged intestinal epithelial cell barrier.

Children are frequent carriers of pneumococci, which can cause both common non-invasive and more severe, life-threatening invasive pneumococcal diseases, especially in children under 1 year of age and in people over 65 years old. Almost a year ago, a pediatric indication for a 15-valent pneumococcal vaccine was approved, which is enriched with 2 new serotypes and, according to study results, appears to be potentially more effective even in protecting against serotype 3. So what are the vaccination options for healthy immunocompetent children, and what benefits does this vaccine offer for premature infants? Professor Roman Chlíbek, chair of the Czech Vaccinology Society ČLS JEP, answered these questions in his presentation at the June Interdisciplinary Conference of PLDD.

Dabigatran is a direct thrombin inhibitor from the group of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), developed as an alternative to vitamin K antagonists. The aim of the recently published meta-analysis was to compare the risk of bleeding, fatal adverse events, and mortality in patients treated with dabigatran and conventional therapy.

The immunosuppressive ozanimod was approved for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) based on the results of the phase III clinical trial True North. An open-label study followed this and previous clinical evaluations, focusing particularly on the efficacy of long-term use of ozanimod. What insights did the subsequent monitoring bring?