Recommendations for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia dia gnosis and therapy
Authors:
M. Špaček 1; M. Šimkovič 2; Š. Pospíšilová 3,4; D. Lysák 5; T. Papajík 6; R. Urbanová 6; M. Brejcha 7; H. Mociková 8; L. Smolej 2; M. Doubek 3
Authors‘ workplace:
I. interní klinika – klinika hematologie 1. LF UK a VFN v Praze
1; IV. interní hematologická klinika LF UK a FN Hradec Králové
2; Interní hematologická a onkologická klinika LF MU a FN Brno
3; Ústav lékařské genetiky a genomiky, LF MU a FN Brno
4; Hematologicko-onkologické oddělení, FN Plzeň
5; Hemato-onkologická klinika LF UP a FN Olomouc
6; Hematologické oddělení, Nemocnice AGEL Nový Jičín, a. s.
7; Hematologická klinika 3. LF UK a FNKV Praha
8
Published in:
Transfuze Hematol. dnes,31, 2025, No. Ahead of Print, p. 1-13.
Category:
Best Practices
doi:
https://doi.org/10.48095/cctahd2025prolekare.cz15
Overview
The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) has changed dramatically in recent years. New oral signalling pathway targeted inhibitors have significantly improved the prognosis of patients with CLL. Currently, two main groups of small molecules are used, namely Bruton‘s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors and BCL-2 inhibitors. However, the results of new clinical trials directly impacting routine clinical practice are rapidly accumulating. We therefore present updated recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of CLL, based on a comprehensive analysis of the current literature and following the principles of evidence-based medicine.
Keywords:
chronic lymphocytic leukaemia – treatment – diagnostics – prognostication
Sources
- Haematolymphoid Tumours / Edited by WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. 5th Ed. 5th ed. International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2024.
- Smolej L, Špaček M, Pospíšilová Š, et al. Doporučení pro diagnostiku a léčbu chronické lymfocytární leukemie 2021. Transfuze a Hematol Dnes. 2021;27(1):91 – 106. doi:10. 48095/cctahd202191.
- HallekM,ChesonBD,CatovskyD,et al.iwCLLgui - delines for diagnosis, indications for treatment, response assessment, and supportive management of CLL. Blood. 2018;131(25):2745–2760. doi:10.1182/blood-2017-09-806398.
- Moreau EJ, Matutes E, A’Hern RP, et al. Improvement of the chronic lymphocytic leukemia scoring system with the monoclonal antibody SN8 (CD79b). Am J Clin Pathol. 1997;108(4):378 – 382. doi:10.1093/ AJCP/108.4.378.
- Rawstron AC, Kreuzer KA, Soosapilla A, et al. Reproducible diagnosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia by flow cytometry: An European Research Initiative on CLL (ERIC) & European Society for Clinical Cell Analysis (ESCCA) Harmonisation project. Cytom Part B Clin Cytom. 2018;94(1):121–128. doi:10.1002/cyto.b.21595.
- Strati P, Shanafelt TD. Monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis and early-stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Diagnosis, natural history, and risk stratification. Blood. 2015;126(4):454–462. doi:10.1182/blood-2015-02-585059.
- Rai KR, Sawitsky A, Cronkite EP, Chanana AD, Levy RN, Pasternack BS. Clinical staging of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood. 1975;46(2):219–234. Blood. 2016;128(17):2109. doi:10.1182/blood-2016-08-737650.
- Binet JL, Auquier A, Dighiero G, et al. A new prognostic classification of chronic lymphocytic leukemia derived from a multivariate survival analysis. Cancer. 1981;48(1):198 – 206. doi:10.1002/ 1097-0142(19810701)48 : 1< 198::AID-CN CR2820480 131>3.0.CO;2-V.
- Eichhorst B, Robak T, Montserrat E, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2021;32(1):23–33. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2020.09.019.
- Ghia P, Stamatopoulos K, Belessi C, et al. ERIC recommendations on IGHV gene mutational status analysis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia. 2007;21(1):1–3. doi:10.1038/SJ. LEU.2404457.
- Malcikova J, Pavlova S, Baliakas P, et al. ERIC recommendations for TP53 mutation analysis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia-2024 update. Leukemia. 2024;38(7):1455 – 1468. doi:10.1038/S41375-024-02267-X.
- Krůzová L, Papajík T, Urbánková H. Chromozomové změny u chronické lymfocytární leukemie, jejich prognostický a prediktivní význam. Transfuze Hematol Dnes. 2020;26(1):19–28.
- Malcikova J, Pavlova S, Barbara KV, et al. Low-burden TP53 mutations in CLL: clinical impact and clonal evolution within the context of different treatment options. Blood. 2021;138(25):2670 – 2685. doi:10.1182/BLOOD.2020009530.
- Baliakas P, Iskas M, Gardiner A, et al. Chromosomal translocations and karyotype complexity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a systematic reappraisal of classic cytogenetic data. Am J Hematol. 2014;89(3):249 – 255. doi:10.1002/AJH.23618.
- Stevens-Kroef M, Simons A, Rack K, Hastings RJ. Cytogenetic nomenclature and reporting. Methods Mol Biol. 2017;1541 : 303–309. doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6703-2_24.
- Hastings RJ, Cavani S, Bricarelli FD, Patsalis PC, Kristoffersson U. Cytogenetic Guidelines and Quality Assurance: a common European framework for quality assessment for constitutional and acquired cytogenetic investigations. Eur J Hum Genet. 2007;15(5):525–527. doi:10.1038/SJ.EJHG.5201809.
- Baliakas P, Jeromin S, Iskas M, et al. Cytogenetic complexity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: definitions, associations, and clinical impact. Blood. 2019;133(11):1205–1216. doi:10.1182/BLOOD-2018-09-873083.
- An international prognostic index for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL-IPI): a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(6):779–790. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30029-8.
- Smolej L, Turcsányi P, Kubová Z, etal. External validation of International Prognostic Score for asymptomatic early stage chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and proposal of an alternative score. Br J Haematol. 2021;193(1):133–137. doi:10.1111/bjh.17074.
- Hallek M, Al-Sawaf O. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 2022 update on diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Am J Hematol. 2021;96(12):1679–1705. doi:10.1002/AJH.26367.
- Fürstenau M, Bahlo J, Fink AM, et al. Residual abdominal lymphadenopathy after intensive frontline chemoimmunotherapy is associated with inferior outcome independently of minimal residual disease status in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia. 2020;34(3):924–928. doi:10.1038/S41375-019-0597-3.
- Al-Sawaf O, Bazeos A, Robrecht S, et al. Mode of progression after first line treatment correlates with outcome of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Am J Hematol. 2019;94(9):1002–1006. doi:10.1002/AJH.25561.
- Cockcroft DW, Gault MH. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron. 1976;16(1):31-41. doi:10.1159/000180580.
- Thurmes P, Call T, Slager S, et al. Comorbid conditions and survival in unselected, newly diagnosed patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2008;49(1):49–56. doi:10.1080/10428190701724785.
- Extermann M, Overcash J, Lyman GH, Parr J, Balducci L. Comorbidity and functional status are independent in older cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 1998;16(4):1582–1587. doi:10.1200/JCO. 1998.16.4.1582.
- Goede V, Cramer P, Busch R, et al. Interactions between comorbidity and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results of German Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Study Group trials. Haematologica. 2014;99(6):1095–1100. doi:10.3324/HAEMATOL.2013.096792.
- Parmelee PA, Thuras PD, Katz IR, Lawton MP. Validation of the Cumulative Illness Rating Scale in a geriatric residential population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43(2):130 – 137. doi:10.1111/ J.15325415.1995.TB06377.X,
- Salvi F, Miller MD, Grilli A, et al. A manual of guidelines to score the modified cumulative illness rating scale and its validation in acute hospitalized elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(10):1926 – 1931. doi:10.1111/J.1532-5415.2008.01935.X.
- Cheson BD, Byrd JC, Rai KR, et al. Novel targeted agents and the need to refine clinical end points in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30(23):2820 – 2822. doi:10.1200/JCO.2012.43.3748.
- Kater AP, Owen C, Moreno C, et al. Fixed-duration ibrutinib-venetoclax in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and comorbidities. NEJM Evid. 2022;1(7). doi:10.1056/evidoa2200006.
- Tam CS, Allan JN, Siddiqi T, et al. Fixed-duration ibrutinib plus venetoclax for first-line treatment of CLL: primary analysis of the CAPTIVATE FD cohort. Blood. 2022;139(22):3278–3289. doi:10.1182/BLOOD.2021014488.
- Al-Sawaf O, Zhang C, Tandon M, et al. Venětoclax plus obinutuzumab versus chlorambucil plus obinutuzumab for previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL14): follow-up results from a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(9):1188 – 1200. doi:10.1016/ S14 70-2045(20)30443-5.
- Eichhorst B, Niemann CU, Kater AP, et al. First-line venetoclax combinations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(19):1739–1754. doi:10.1056/NEJMOA 2213093.
- Sharman JP, Egyed M, Jurczak W, et al. Acalabrutinib with or without obinutuzumab versus chlorambucil and obinutuzmab for treatment-naive chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (ELEVATE TN): a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2020;395(10232):1278 – 1291. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30262-2.
- Sharman JP, Egyed M, Jurczak W, et al. Efficacy and safety in a 4-year follow-up of the ELEVATE-TN study comparing acalabrutinib with or without obinutuzumab versus obinutuzumab plus chlorambucilintreatment-naïvechroniclymphocyticleukemia. Leukemia. 2022;36(4):1171–1175. doi:10.1038/S41375-021-01485-X.
- Burger JA, Barr PM, Robak T, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of first-line ibrutinib treatment for patients with CLL/ SLL: 5 years of follow-up from the phase 3 RESONATE-2 study. Leukemia. 2020;34(3):787–798. doi:10.1038/S41375-019-0602-X.
- Tam CS, Brown JR, Kahl BS, et al. Zanubrutinib versus bendamustine and rituximab in untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SEQUOIA): a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2022;23(8):1031–1043. doi:10.1016/S14 70-2045(22)00293-5.
- Eichhorst B, Ghia P, Niemann CU, et al. ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline interim update on new targeted therapies in the first-line and at relapse of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Ann Oncol. 2024;35(9):762–768. doi:10.1016/j. annonc.2024.06.016.
- Benjamini O, Jain P, Trinh L, et al. Second cancers in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who received frontline fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab therapy: distribution and clinical outcomes. Leuk Lymphoma. 2015;56(6):1643–1650. doi:10.3109/10 428194.2014.957203.
- Chatzikonstantinou T, Scarfò L, Karakatsoulis G, et al. Other malignancies in the history of CLL: an international multicenter study conducted by ERIC, the European Research Initiative on CLL, in HARMONY. eClinicalMedicine. 2023;65 : 102307. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102307.
- Goede V, Fischer K, Engelke A, et al. Obi - nutuzumab as frontline treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Updated results of the CLL11 study. Leukemia. 2015;29(7):1602–1604. doi:10.1038/leu.2015.14.
- Goede V, Fischer K, Busch R, et al. Obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil in patients with CLL and coexisting conditions. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(12):1101 – 1110. doi:10.1056/ NEJ - Moa 1313984.
- Rossignol J, Michallet AS, Oberic L, et al. Rituximabcyclophosphamidedexamethasone combination in the management of autoimmune cytopenias associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia. 2011;25(3):473–478. doi:10.1038/LEU.2010.278.
- Šimkovič M, Motyčková M, Belada D, et al. Five years of experience with rituximab plus high-dose dexamethasone for relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Arch Med Sci. 2016;2(2):421 – 427. doi:10.5114/ aoms. 2016.55425.
- Smolej L, Doubek M, Panovská A, et al. Rituximab in combination with high-dose dexamethasone for the treatment of relapsed/refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Res. 2012;36(10):1278 – 1282. doi:10.1016/ J. LEUKRES.2012.07.005.
- Hillmen P, Gribben JG, Follows GA, et al. Rituximab plus chlorambucil as first-line treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Final analysis of an open-label phase II study. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(12):1236 – 1241. doi:10.1200/ JCO. 2013.49.6547.
- Farooqui MZH, Valdez J, Martyr S, et al. Ibrutinib for previously untreated and relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with TP53 aberrations: a phase 2, single-arm trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16(2):169–176. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(14)71182-9.
- Tam CS, Robak T, Ghia P, et al. Zanubrutinib monotherapy for patients with treatment naïve chronic lymphocytic leukemia and 17p deletion. Haematologica. 2020;106(9):2354–2363. doi:10.3324/HAEMATOL.2020.259432.
- Ghia P, Pluta A, Wach M, et al. ASCEND: Phase III, randomized trial of acalabrutinib versus idelalisib plus rituximab or bendamustine plus rituximab in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(25):2849 – 2861. doi:10.1200/ JCO.19.03355.
- Byrd JC, Hillmen P, Ghia P, et al. Acalabrutinib versus ibrutinib in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia: results of the first randomized phase III trial. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(31):3441 – 3452. doi:10.1200/ JCO. 21.01210.
- Byrd JC, Brown JR, O’Brien S, et al. Ibrutinib versus ofatumumab in previously treated chronic lymphoid leukemia. N Engl JMed. 2014;371(3):213–223. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa 1400376.
- Byrd JC, Hillmen P, O’Brien S, et al. Long-term follow-up of the RESONATE phase 3 trial of ibrutinib vs ofatumumab. Blood. 2019;133(19):2031–2042. doi:10.1182/BLOOD - 2018-08-870238.
- Furman RR, Sharman JP, Coutre SE, et al. Idelalisib and rituximab in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(11):997 – 1007. doi:10.1056/ NEJMoa 1315226.
- Sharman JP, Coutre SE, Furman RR, et al. Final results of a randomized, phase III study of rituximab with or without idelalisib followed by open-label idelalisib in patients with relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(16):1391 – 1402. doi:10.1200/JCO.18.01460.
- Mato AR, Woyach JA, Brown JR, et al. Pirtobrutinib after a covalent BTK inhibitor in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(1):33 – 44. doi:10.1056/ NEJMOA 2300696.
- Kater AP, Seymour JF, Hillmen P, et al. Fixed duration of venetoclax-rituximab in relapsed/ refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia eradicates minimal residual disease and prolongs survival: post-treatment follow-up of the MURANO phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2019;37(4):269–277. doi:10.1200/JCO.18.01580.
- Kater AP, Wu JQ, Kipps T, et al. Venetoclax plus rituximab in relapsed chronic lymphocytic leukemia: 4-year results and evaluation of impact of genomic complexity and gene mutations from the MURANO phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2020;38(34):4042 – 4054. doi:10.1200/JCO.20.00948.
- Brown JR, Eichhorst B, Hillmen P, et al. Zanubrutinib or ibrutinib in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(4):319 – 332. doi:10.1056/ NEJMOA 2211582.
- Jones JA, Mato AR, Wierda WG, et al. Venetoclax for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia progressing after ibrutinib: an interim analysis of a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(1):65 – 75. doi:10.1016/ S1470 - 2045 (17)30909-9.
- Stilgenbauer S, Eichhorst B, Schetelig J, et al. Venetoclax in relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukaemia with 17p deletion: a multicentre, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17(6):768–778. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(16)30019-5.
- Molica S, Allsup D, Giannarelli D. Prevalence of BTK and PLCG2 mutations in CLL patients with disease progression on BTK inhibitor therapy: a meta‐analysis. Am J Hematol. 2025;100(2):334–337. doi:10.1002/ajh.27544.
- Stilgenbauer S, Zenz T, Winkler D, et al. Subcutaneous alemtuzumab in fludarabine-refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia: clinical results and prognostic marker analyses from the CLL2H study of the German Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Study Group. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(24):3994–4001. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.21.1128.
- Munir T, Moreno C, Owen C, et al. Impact of minimal residual disease on progression--free survival outcomes after fixed-duration ibrutinib-venetoclax versus chlorambucil-obinutuzumab in the GLOW study. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41(21):3689 – 3699. doi:10.1200/ JCO. 22.02283.
- Wierda WG, Allan JN, Siddiqi T, et al. Ibrutinib plus venetoclax for first-line treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: primary analysis results from the minimal residual disease cohort of the randomized phase II CAPTIVATE study. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39(34):3853 – 3865. doi:10.1200/JCO.21.00807.
- Al-Sawaf O, Zhang C, Jin HY, et al. Transcriptomic profiles and 5-year results from the randomized CLL14 study of venetoclax plus obinutuzumab versus chlorambucil plus obinutuzumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):2147. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-37648-w.
- Logan AC, Zhang B, Narasimhan B, et al. Minimal residual disease quantification using consensus primers and high-throughput IGH sequencing predicts post-transplant relapse in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia. 2013;27(8):1659–1665. doi:10.1038/LEU.2013.52.
- Kater AP, Siddiqi T. Relapsed/ refractory CLL: the role of allo-SCT, CAR-T, and T-cell engagers. Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Progr. 2024;2024(1):474 – 481. doi:10.1182/ HEMATOLOGY. 2024000570.
- Dreger P, Schetelig J, Andersen N, et al. Managing high-risk CLL during transition to a new treatment era: stem cell transplantation or novel agents? Blood. 2014;124(26):3841–3849. doi:10.1182/BLOOD-2014-07-586826.
- Špaček M. Richterova transformace chronické lymfocytární leukemie v éře léčby inhibitory buněčných drah. Transfuze Hematol Dnes. 2020;26(1):9–17.
- Rossi D, Gaidano G. Richter syndrome: molecular insights and clinical perspectives. Hematol Oncol. 2009;27(1):1–10. doi:10.1002/HON.880.
- Mauro FR, Chauvie S, Paoloni F, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic role of PET/CT in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and progressive disease. Leukemia. 2015;29(6):1360–1365. doi:10.1038/leu.2015.21.
- Rhodes JM, Mato AR. PET/computed tomography in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and Richter transformation. PET Clin. 2019;14(3):405–410. doi:10.1016/j.cpet.2019. 03.007.
- Wang Y, Rabe KG, Bold MS, et al. The role of 18F-FDG-PET in detecting Richter’s transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in patients receiving therapy with a B-cell receptor inhibitor. Haematologica. 2020;105(11):2675–2678. doi:10.3324/HAEMATOL.2019.240564.
- Rossi D, Spina V, Gaidano G. Biology and treatment of Richter syndrome. Blood. 2018;131(25):2761–2772. doi:10.1182/BLOOD - 2018-01-791376.
- Rossi D, Spina V, Deambrogi C, et al. The genetics of Richter syndrome reveals disease heterogeneity and predicts survival after transformation. Blood. 2011;117(12):3391 – 3401. doi:10.1182/blood-2010-09-302174.
- Thompson PA, Siddiqi T. Treatment of Richter’s syndrome. Hematol Am Soc Hematol Educ Progr. 2022;2022(1):329 – 336. doi:10.1182/HEMATOLOGY.2022000345.
- Guièze R, Eikema DJ, Koster L, et al. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for patients with Richter transformation: a retrospective study on behalf of the Chronic Malignancies Working Party of the EBMT. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2024;59(7):950–956. doi:10.1038/S41409-024-02256-9.
- Davids MS, Rogers KA, Tyekucheva S, et al. Venetoclax plus dose-adjusted R-EPOCH for Richter syndrome. Blood. 2022;139(5):686–689. doi:10.1182/BLOOD.2021011386.
- Eyre TA, Schuh A, Wierda WG, et al. Aca - labrutinib monotherapy for treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (ACE-CL-001): analysis of the Richter transformation cohort of an open-label, single-arm, phase 1–2 study. Lancet Haematol. 2021;8(12):e912 – e921. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(21)00305-7.
- Wierda WG, Shah NN, Cheah CY, et al. Pir - tobrutinib, a highly selective, non-covalent (reversible) BTK inhibitor in patients with B-cell malignancies: analysis of the Richter transformation subgroup from the multicentre, open-label, phase 1/2 BRUIN study. Lancet Haematol. 2024;11(9):e682 – e692. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(24)00172-8.
- Winter AM, Bharadwaj S, Herrera AF, et al. Real-world outcomes of lisocabtagene maraleucel (liso-cel) in patients (pt) with Richter transformation (RT) from the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research (CIBMTR). J Clin Oncol. 2024;42(16 suppl):7010 – 7010. doi:10.1200/JCO.2024.42.16_SUPPL.7010.
- Vodárek P, Smolej L, Belada D, Šimkovič M, Écsiová D, Žák P. Změny v imunitním systému u neléčených nemocných s chronickou lymfocytární leukemií – část 1: specifická imunita. Transfuze Hematol Dnes. 2021;27(2):128–136.
- Vodárek P, Smolej L, Belada D, Šimkovič M, Écsiová D, Žák P. Změny v imunitním systému u neléčených nemocných s chronickou lymfocytární leukemií – část 2: nespecifická imunita. Transfuze Hematol Dnes. 2021;27(3):218–225.
- Singh M, Mealing S, Baculea S, Cote S, Whelan J. Impact of novel agents on patient-relevant outcomes in patients with previously untreate chronic lymphocytic leukemia who are not eligible for fludarabine-based therapy. J Med Econ. 2017;20(10):1066–1073. doi:10.1080/13696998 .2017.1357563.
- Österborg A, Foà R, Bezares RF, et al. Management guidelines for the use of alemtuzumab in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia. 2009;23(11):1980 – 1988. doi:10.1038/leu.2009.146.
- Smolej L, Procházka V, Špaček M, et al. Doporučení pro léčbu alemtuzumabem u chronické lymfocytární leukemie (CLL). Vnitr Lek. 2012;58(3):232 – 236. http://www.scopus.com/ inward/ record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84859739732& partnerID=MN8TOARS.
- Gribben JG. Practical management of tumour lysis syndrome in venetoclax-treated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2020;188(6):844–851. doi:10.1111/BJH.16345.
- Tambaro FP, Wierda WG. Tumour lysis syndrome in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with BCL-2 inhibitors: risk factors, prophylaxis, and treatment recommendations. Lancet Haematol. 2020;7(2):e168–e176. doi:10.1016/S2352-3026(19)30253-4.
- Oscier D, Dearden C, Erem E, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis, investigation and management of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol. 2012;159(5):541 – 564. doi:10.1111/bjh.12067.
- Dhalla F, Lucas MM, Schuh AA, et al. Antibody deficiency secondary to chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Should patients be treated with prophylactic replacement immunoglobulin? J Clin Immunol. 2014;34(3):277 – 282. doi:10.1007/S10875-014-9995-5.
- Wang KY, Shah P, Skavla B, Fayaaz F, Chi J, Rhodes JM. Vaccination efficacy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma. 2023;64(1):42–56. doi:10.1080/104281 94.2022.2133538.
- Bokemeyer C, Aapro MS, Courdi A, et al. EORTC guidelines for the use of erythropoietic proteins in anaemic patients with cancer: 2006 update. Eur J Cancer. 2007;43(2):258–270. doi:10.1016/J.EJCA.2006.10.014.
- Aapro MS, Bohlius J, Cameron DA, et al. 2010 update of EORTC guidelines for the use of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor to reduce the incidence of chemotherapy-induced febrile neutropenia in adult patients with lymphoproliferative disorders and solid tumours. Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(1):8 – 32. doi:10.1016/ J. EJCA.2010.10.013.
- Tsimberidou AM, Wen S, McLaughlin P, et al. Other malignancies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/ small lymphocytic lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(6):904–910. doi:10.1200/ JCO.2008.17.5398.
- Kumar V, Ailawadhi S, Bojanini L, et al. Trends in the risk of second primary malignancies among survivors of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood Cancer J. 2019;9(10):75. doi:10.1038/s41408-019-0237-1.
- Pospíšilová Š, Jarošová M, Doubek M. Chronická lymfocytární leukemie – současné využití moderních prognostických a prediktivních faktorů v diagnostice. Transfuze Hematol Dnes. 2019;25(1):66–71.
Labels
Haematology Internal medicine Clinical oncologyArticle was published in
Transfusion and Haematology Today

2025 Issue Ahead of Print
Most read in this issue
- Recommendations for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia dia gnosis and therapy
- Antithrombotic prophylaxis for women in pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period
- Spontaneous remission of acute myeloid leukaemia
- MYC gene and its abnormalities with a focus on aggressive B-cell lymphomas