Internal mammary lymph nodes in early stage breast cancer
Authors:
D. Vrána 1; J. Gatěk 2; M. Matzenauer 1
Authors‘ workplace:
Onkologická klinika FN Olomouc
přednosta: prof. MUDr. B. Melichar, Ph. D.
1; Chirurgické oddělení, Nemocnice Atlas, Zlín
primář: doc. MUDr. J. Gatěk, Ph. D.
2
Published in:
Rozhl. Chir., 2017, roč. 96, č. 8, s. 324-327.
Category:
Review
Overview
Internal mammary nodes (IMN) in early stage breast cancer are a still unresolved issue. Their involvement has a crucial impact on the staging as well as prognosis of the breast cancer patients. The reported incidence of IMN drainage in the process of detecting the axillary sentinel node is about 20% depending on the tracer application technique. However, the IMN drainage itself apparently has no effect on the prognosis even when the nodes are left without biopsy or radiotherapy. The major predictive factor for the presence of metastases in IMN is the presence of metastases in axillary lymph nodes. Studies evaluating adjuvant IMN radiotherapy have shown inconsistent outcomes. The generally accepted trend towards less extensive locoregional procedures in breast cancer treatment will apparently affect the IMN, as well, given that new systemic treatment will probably compensate for uncertainties in IMN management.
Key words:
breast cancer − internal mammary nodes − radiotherapy
Sources
1. Vrana D, Gatek J, Cwiertka K, et al. Internal mammary node management in breast cancer. A review. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2013;1573:261−5.
2. Lukesova L, Vrana D, Svach I, et al. Prognostic influence of internal mammary node drainage in patients with early-stage breast cancer. Anticancer Res 2016;36:6641−6.
3. Chen RC, Lin NU, Golshan M, et al. Internal mammary nodes in breast cancer: diagnosis and implications for patient management – a systematic review. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:4981–9.
4. Domènech-Vilardell A, Bajén MT, Benítez AM, et al. Removal of the internal mammary sentinel node in breast cancer. Nucl Med Commun 2009;30:962−70.
5. Uren RF, Howman-Giles R, Renwick SB, et al. Lymphatic mapping of the breast: locating the sentinel lymph nodes. World J Surg 2001;25:789−93.
6. Qiu PF, Liu YB, Wang YS. Internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy: abandon or persist? Onco Targets Ther 2016;9:3879–82.
7. Leidenius MH, Krogerus LA, Toivonen TS, et al. The clinical value of parasternal sentinel node biopsy in breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2006;13:321−6.
8. Koo MY, Lee SK, Bae SY, et al. Long-term outcome of internal mammary lymph node detected by lymphoscintigraphy in early breast cancer. J Breast Cancer 2012;15:98−104.
9. Kong AL, Tereffe W, Hunt KK, et al. Impact of internal mammary lymph node drainage identified by preoperative lymphoscintigraphy on outcomes in patients with stage I to III breast cancer. Cancer 2012;118:6287−96.
10. Lacour J, Bucalossi P, Cacers E, et al. Radical mastectomy versus radical mastectomy plus internal mammary dissection. Five-year results of an international cooperative study. Cancer 1976;37:206−14.
11. Morimoto T, Monden Y, Takashima S, et al. Five-year results of a randomized clinical trial comparing modified radical mastectomy and extended radical mastectomy for stage II breast cancer. Surg Today 1994;24:210−14.
12. Veronesi U, Cascinelli N, Greco M, et al. Prognosis of breast cancer patients after mastectomy and dissection of internal mammary nodes. Ann Surg 1985;202:702−7.
13. Huang O, Wang L, Shen K, et al. Breast cancer subpopulation with high risk of internal mammary lymph nodes metastasis: analysis of 2,269 Chinese breast cancer patients treated with extended radical mastectomy. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008;107:379−87.
14. Van der Ent FW, Kengen RA, van der Pol HA, et al. Halsted revisited: internal mammary sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer. Ann Surg 2001;234:79−84.
15. Hindié E, Groheux D, Hennequin C, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy can select breast cancer patients for in- ternal mammary chain radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;83:1081−8.
16. Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2002;347:1233−41.
17. Colzani E, Liljegren A, Johansson AL, et al. Prognosis of patients with breast cancer: causes of death and effects of time since diagnosis, age, and tumor characteristics. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:4014−21.
18. Darby SC, Ewertz M, McGale P, et al. Risk of ischemic heart disease in women after radiotherapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2013;368:987−98.
19. Gagliardi G, Constine LS, Moiseenko V, et al. Radiation dose-volume effects in the heart. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;76(3 Suppl):S77−85.
20. Olson RA, Woods R, Speers C, et al. Does the intent to irradiate the internal mammary nodes impact survival in women with breast cancer? A population-based analysis in British Columbia. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;83:35−41.
21. Stemmer SM, Rizel S, Hardan I, et al. The role of irradiation of the internal mammary lymph nodes in high-risk stage II to IIIA breast cancer patients after high-dose chemotherapy: a prospective sequential nonrandomized study. J Clin Oncol 2003;21:2713−28.
22. Thorsen LB, Offersen BV, Danø H, et al. DBCG-IMN: a population-based cohort study on the effect of internal mammary node irradiation in early node-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2016;34:314–20.
23. Whelan TJ, Olivotto IA, Parulekar WR, et al. Regional nodal irradiation in early-stage breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2015;373:307−16.
24. Poortmans PM, Collette S, Kirkove C, et al. Internal mammary and medial supraclavicular irradiation in breast cancer. N Engl J Med 2015;37:317−27.
25. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Breast cancer. Version 2.2016. Available from: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast.pdf [Cit. 2.3.2017]
26. Fowble B, Hanlon A, Freedman G, et al. Internal mammary node irradiation neither decreases distant metastases nor improves survival in stage I and II breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;47:883−94.
Labels
Surgery Orthopaedics Trauma surgeryArticle was published in
Perspectives in Surgery
2017 Issue 8
Most read in this issue
- A new perspective on axillary dissection in situations of metastatic sentinel node
- Satisfaction and overall quality of life in BRCA positive women after prophylactic surgeries
- Is it possible to avoid axillary dissection?
- Magnetic resonance imaging in preoperative diagnosis of invasive lobular carcinomas of the breast – analysis of 230 cases