#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Haemostatic mechanisms in the process of atherotrombosis


Authors: T. Kvasnička
Authors‘ workplace: Trombotické centrum, vedoucí lékař doc. MUDr. Tomáš Kvasnička, CSc., Ústav lékařské biochemie a laboratorní diagnostiky 1. lékařské fakulty UK a VFN Praha, přednosta prof. MUDr. Tomáš Zima, DrSc.
Published in: Vnitř Lék 2012; 58(2): 123-128
Category: Reviews

Overview

Hemostasis play an essentials role in protecting of vascular integrity and maintaining normal blood flow, and anatomically and functionally is entwined with the vasculature. The classic concept of atherosclerosis assigns a pivotal role to inflammation in the onset and progression of this disease. Accumulating data suggest an intimate cross-talk between hemostasis and inflammation, underscoring the role of both systems in many complex diseases, including atherothrombosis. An experimental data indicate that platelets and the coagulation system are important determinants of both atherogenesis and atherothrombosis. The hemostatic system is well known for its capacity to exert a multitude of actions on the vasculature. The current concept of a vulnerable plaque suggests that repeated plaque microruptures, followed by subclinical thrombosis, are critical for plaque growth and vulnerability.

Key words:
atherothrombosis – inflammation – hemostatic system – platelets – anticoagulant therapy


Sources

1. Davi G, Patrono C. Platelet activation and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2482–2494.

2. Furie B, Furie BC. Mechanisms of thrombus formation. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 938–849.

3. Massberg S, Brand K, Gruner S et al. A critical role of platelet adhesion in the initiation of atherosclerotic lesion formation. J Exp Med 2002; 196: 887–896.

4. Huo Y, Schober A, Forlow SB et al. Circulating activated platelets exacerbate atherosclerosis in mice deficient in apolipoprotein E. Nat Med 2003; 9: 61–67.

5. Gawaz M, Langer H, May AE. Platelets in inflammation and atherogenesis. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 3378–3384.

6. Weber C. Platelets and chemokines in atherosclerosis: partners in crime. Circ Res 2005; 96: 612–616.

7. Semple JW, Italiano JE Jr, Freedman J. Platelets and the immune continuum. Nat Rev Immunol 2011; 11: 264–274.

8. Borissoff J, Heeneman S, Kilinç E et al. Early atherosclerosis exhibits an enhanced procoagulant state. Circulation 2010; 122: 821–830.

9. Kramer MC, Rittersma SZ, de Winter RJ et al. Relationship of thrombus healing to underlying plaque morphology in sudden coronary death. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010; 55: 122–132.

10. Rosenberg RD, Aird WC. Vascular-bed – specific hemostasis and hypercoagulable states. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 1555–1564.

11. Mackman N. Role of tissue factor in hemostasis, thrombosis, and vascular development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24: 1015–1022.

12. Annex BH, Denning SM, Channon KM et al. Differential expression of tissue factor protein in directional atherectomy specimens from patients with stable and unstable coronary syndromes. Circulation 1995; 91: 619–622.

13. Moreno PR, Bernardi VH, López-Cuéllar J et al. Macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and tissue factor in unstable angina: implica­tions for cell-mediated thrombogenicity in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 1996; 94: 3090–3097.

14. Ardissino D, Merlini PA, Ariëns R et al. Tissue-factor antigen and activity in human coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Lancet 1997; 349: 769–771.

15. Monroe DM, Key NS. The tissue Factor-factor VIIa complex: procoagulant activity, regulation, and multitasking. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5: 1097–1105.

16. Ye Z, Liu EH, Higgins JP et al. Seven haemostatic gene polymorphisms in coronary disease: meta-analysis of 66,155 cases and 91,307 controls. Lancet 2006; 367: 651–658.

17. Borensztajn K, Peppelenbosch MP, Spek CA. Factor Xa: at the crossroads between coagulation and signaling in fysiology and disease. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14: 429–440.

18. Thomas AC, Campbell JH. Targeted delivery of heparin and LMWH using a fibrin antibody prevents restenosis. Atherosclerosis 2004; 176: 73–81.

19. Coughlin SR. Thrombin signalling and protease-activated receptors. Nature 2000; 407: 258–264.

20. Borissoff JI, Spronk HM, Heeneman S et al. Is thrombin a key player in the ”coagulation-atherogenesis” maze? Cardiovasc Res 2009; 82: 392–403.

21. Huber-Lang M, Sarma JV, Zetoune FS et al. Generation of C5a in the absence of C3: a new complement activation pathway. Nat Med 2006; 12: 682–687.

22. Chen X, Ren S, Ma MG et al. Hirulog-like peptide reduces restenosis and expression of tissue factor and transforming growth factor-beta in carotid artery of atherosclerotic rabbits. Atherosclerosis 2008; 169: 31–40.

23. Kvasnicka J. Recommended approach in indications for genetic examination in the diagnosis of thrombophilic states in the vascular system. Vnitř Lék 2010; 56: 1251.

24. Di Tullio MR, Homma S, Jin Z et al. Aortic atherosclerosis, hypercoagula, and stroke the APRIS (Aortic Plaque and Risk of lschemic stroke) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 855–861.

25. Folsom AR, Wu KK, Rosamond WD et al. Prospective study of hemostatic factors and incidence of coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Circulation 1997; 96: 1102–1108.

26. Methia N, André P, Denis CV et al. Localized reduction of atherosclerosis in von Willebrant factor-deficient mice. Blood 2001; 98: 1424–1428.

27. Danesh J, Lewington S, Thompson SG et al. Fibrinogen Studies Collaboration. Plasma fibrinogen level and the risk of cardiovascular diseases and non-vascular mortality: an individual participant meta-analysis. JAMA 2005; 294: 1799–1809.

28. Bini A, Fenoglio JJ Jr., Mesa-Tejada R et al. Identification and Distribution of fibrinogen, fibrin, and fibrin(ogen) degradation products in atherosclerosis: use of monoclonal antibodies. Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9: 109–121.

29. Green D, Chang C, Kang J et al. Longitudinal assessment of fibrinogen in relation to subclinical cardiovascular disease: the Cardia study. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6: 125–131.

30. de Moerloose P, Boehlen F, Neerman-Arbez M. Fibrinogen and the risk of thrombosis. Semin Thromb Haemost 2010; 8: 489–495.

31. Folsom AR. Hemostatic risk factors for atherothrombotic disease: an epidemiologic view. Thromb Haemost 2001; 86: 366–373.

32. Zhou D, Yang PY, Zhou B et al. Fibrin D-dimer fragments enhance inflammatory responses in macrophages: role in advancing atherosclerosis. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34: 185–190.

33. Abdalla S, Lother H, Langer A et al. Factor XIIIA transglutaminase crosslink AT1 receptor dimers of monocytes at the onset of atherosclerosis. Cell 2004; 119: 343–354.

34. Gailani D, Renné T. Intrinsic pathway of coagulation and arterial thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27: 2507–2513.

35. Zito F, Lowe GD, Rumley A et al. WOSCOPS Study Group West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Association of the factor XII 46C>T polymorphism with risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in the WOSCOPS study. Atherosclerosis 2002; 165: 153–158.

36. Hagedorn I, Schmidbauer S, Pleines I et al. Factor XIIa inhibitor recombinant human albumin Infestin-4 abolishes occlusive arterial thrombus formation without affecting bleeding. Circulation 2010; 121: 1510–1517.

37. Stone OA, Richer C, Emanueli C et al. Critical role of tissue kallikrein in vessel formation and maturation: implications íor therapeutic revascularization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009; 29: 657–664.

38. Degryse B, Neels JG, Czekay RP et al. The low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein is a motogenic receptor for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 22595–22604.

39. Crawley J, Lupu F, Westmuckett AD et al. Expression, localization, and activity of tissue factor pathway inhibitor in normal and atherosclerotic human vessels. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 1362–1373.

40. Badimon JJ, Lettino M, Toschi V et al. Local inhibition of tissue factor reduces the thrombogenicity of disrupted human atherosclerotic plaques: effects of tissue factor pathway inhibitor on plaque thrombogenicity under flow conditions. Circulation 1999; 99: 1780–1787.

41. Okajima K. Regulation of inflammatory responses by natural anticoagulants. Immunol Rev 2001; 184: 258–274.

42. Zoldhelyi P, Chen ZQ, Shelat HS et al. Local gene transfer of tissue factor pathway inhibitor regulates intimal hyperplasia in atherosclerotic arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 4078–4083.

43. Westrick RJ, Bodary PF, Xu Z et al. Defi­ciency of tissue factor pathway inhibitor promotes atherosclerosis and thrombosis in mice. Circulation 2001; 103: 3044–3046.

44. Blann AD, Amiral J, McCollum CN et al. Differences in free and total tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and tissue factor in peripheral artery disease compared to healthy controls. Atherosclerosis 2000; 152: 29–34.

45. Mosnier LO, Zlokovic BV, Griffin JH. The cytoprotective protein C pathway. Blood 2007; 109: 3161–3172.

46. Waugh JM, Li-Hawkins J, Yuksel E et al. Thrombomodulin overerpression to limit neointima formation. Circulation 2000; 102: 332–337.

47. Castellino FJ, Ganopolsky JG, Noria F et al. Focal arterial inflammation is augmented in mice with a deficiency of the protein C gene. Thromb Haemost 2006; 96: 794–801.

48. Liao D, Wang Y, Li M et al. Human protein S inhibits the up-take of ACLDL and expression of SR-A through Mer receptor tyrosine kinase in human macrophages. Blood 2009; 113: 165–174.

49. Randi AM, Biguzzi E, Falciani F et al. Identification of differentially expressed genes in coronary atherosclerotic plaques from patients with stable or unstable angina by cDNA array analysis. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1: 829–835.

50. Cederholm A, Svenungsson E, Jensen-Urstad K et al. Decreased binding of annexin v to endothelial cells: a potential mechanism in atherothrombosis of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: 198–203.

51. Patrono C, García Rodríguez LA, Landolfi Ret al. Low-dose aspirin for the prevention of atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 2373–2383.

52. Ferroni P, Martini F, Cardarello CM et al. Enhanced interleukin-1beta in hypercholesterolemia: effects of simvastatin and low-dose aspirin. Circulation 2003; 108: 1673–1675.

53. Muhlestein JB. Effect of antiplatelet therapy on inflammatory markers in atherothrombotic patients. Thromb Haemost 2010; 103: 71–82.

54. Kvasnička J, Horák J, Zenáhlíková Z et al. Reduced thrombin generation and soluble P-selectin after intravenous enoxaparin during PCI. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2011; 25: 243–250.

55. The Post Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Trial Investigators. The effect ofaggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation on obstructive changes in saphenous vein coronary-artery bypass grafts. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 153–162.

56. Knatterud GL, Rosenberg Y, Campeau L et al. Long-term effects on clinical outcomes of aggressive lowering of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and low-dose anticoagulation in the post coronary artery bypass graft trial. Post CABG Investigators. Circulation 2000; 102: 157–165.

57. Schulman S, Kearon C, Kakkar AK et al. RE-COVER Study Group. Dabigatran versus warfarin in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 2342–2352.

Labels
Diabetology Endocrinology Internal medicine

Article was published in

Internal Medicine

Issue 2

2012 Issue 2

Most read in this issue
Login
Forgotten password

Enter the email address that you registered with. We will send you instructions on how to set a new password.

Login

Don‘t have an account?  Create new account

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#