#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Effectiveness of phytotherapy in supportive treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus
III. Momordica (Momordica charantia)


Authors: Jana Rudá-Kučerová;  Hana Kotolová;  David Koupý
Published in: Čes. slov. Farm., 2015; 64, 126-132
Category: Review Articles

Overview

Momordica charantia is a thermophilic voluble plant from the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa and the Caribbean. In central Europe, momordica requires greenhouse plantations. Mature fruits resemble a cucumber or a pumpkin and can be used as other similar vegetables. Crude fruits are very bitter and refreshing. For centuries the plant has been known in Chinese traditional medicine for its antidiabetic effects as well as for the treatment of cancer or infections caused by worms, viruses and malaria. Antidiabetic effects are attributed namely to cucurbitane type triterpenoids, charantin, p-insulin and 9cis-11trans-13trans-conjugated linolenic acid. These substances in momordica preparations show antidiabetic effectiveness in clinical studies by increasing insulin secretion and deceasing insulin resistance or glucose absorption from the gut. Beside this main effect the extract possesses certain neuroprotective and antioxidant effects (especially p9cis-11trans-13trans-conjugated linolenic acid) and contributes to normalize blood lipid and adipokine levels which results in the normalization of metabolic syndrome. Antidiabetic effectiveness of momordica was compared to active treatment with several oral antidiabetic drugs and proved comparable effects. However, the number of studies is limited and their methodological approach variable. Therefore, the evidence is so far inconclusive.

Key words:
momordica • Momordica charantia • diabetes mellitus • phytotherapy


Sources

1. Leung L., Birtwhistle R., Kotecha J., Hannah S., Cuthbertson S. Anti-diabetic and hypoglycaemic effects of Momordica charantia (bitter melon): a mini review. Br. J. Nutr. 2009; 102, 1703–1708.

2. Biggs M. Zelenina. Velká kniha zeleninových druhů. Praha: Volvox Globator 1997.

3. Tan M. J., Ye J. M., Turner N., Hohnen-Behrens C., Ke C. Q., Tang C. P., Chen T., Weiss H. C., Gesing E. R., Rowland A., James D. E., Ye Y. Antidiabetic activities of triterpenoids isolated from bitter melon associated with activation of the AMPK pathway. Chem. Biol. 2008; 15, 263–273.

4. Zhao G. T., Liu J. Q., Deng Y. Y., Li H. Z., Chen J. C., Zhang Z. R., Zhou L., Qiu M. H. Cucurbitane-type triterpenoids from the stems and leaves of Momordica charantia. Fitoterapia 2014; 95, 75–82.

5. Liaw C. C., Huang H. C., Hsiao P. C., Zhang L. J., Lin Z. H., Hwang S. Y., Hsu F. L., Kuo Y. H. 5beta,19-epoxycucurbitane triterpenoids from Momordica charantia and their anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity. Planta Med. 2015; 81, 62–70.

6. Jayaprakasha G. K., Rao L. J. Chemistry, biogenesis, and biological activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2011; 51, 547–562.

7. Ma L., Yu A. H., Sun L. L., Gao W., Zhang M. M., Su Y. L., Liu H., Ji T. F., Li D. Z. Two new cucurbitane triterpenoids from the seeds of Momordica charantia. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 2014; 16, 476–482.

8. Yen P. H., Dung D. T., Nhiem N. X., Anh Hle T., Hang D. T., Yen D. T., Cuc N. T., Ban N. K., Van Minh C., Van Kiem P. Cucurbitane-type triterpene glycosides from the fruits of Momordica charantia. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2014; 9, 383–386.

9. Parkash A., Ng T. B., Tso W. W. Purification and characterization of charantin, a napin-like ribosome-inactivating peptide from bitter gourd (Momordica charantia. seeds. J. Pept. Res. 2002; 59, 197–202.

10. Wang H. Y., Kan W. C., Cheng T. J., Yu S. H., Chang L. H., Chuu J. J. Differential anti-diabetic effects and mechanism of action of charantin-rich extract of Taiwanese Momordica charantia between type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2014; 69, 347–356.

11. Khanna P., Jain S. C., Panagariya A., Dixit V. P. Hypoglycemic activity of polypeptide-p from a plant source. J. Nat. Prod. 1981; 44, 648–655.

12. Raman A., Lau C. Anti-diabetic properties and phytochemistry of Momordica charantia L. (Cucurbitaceae). Phytomedicine 1996; 2, 349–362.

13. Ahamad J., Amin S., Mir S. R. Simultaneous quantification of gymnemic acid as gymnemagenin and charantin as beta-sitosterol using validated HPTLC densitometric method. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 2015; 53, 1203–1209.

14. Alam M. A., Uddin R., Subhan N., Rahman M. M., Jain P., Reza H. M. Beneficial role of bitter melon supplementation in obesity and related complications in metabolic syndrome. J. Lipids 2015; 2015, 496169.

15. Cummings E., Hundal H. S., Wackerhage H., Hope M., Belle M., Adeghate E., Singh J. Momordica charantia fruit juice stimulates glucose and amino acid uptakes in L6 myotubes. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2004; 261, 99–104.

16. Szkudelski T. The mechanism of alloxan and streptozotocin action in B cells of the rat pancreas. Physiol. Res. 2001; 50, 537–546.

17. Chen J. C., Lau C. B., Chan J. Y., Fung K. P., Leung P. C., Liu J. Q., Zhou L., Xie M. J., Qiu M. H. The antigluconeogenic activity of cucurbitacins from Momordica charantia. Planta Med. 2015; 81, 327–332.

18. Shibib B. A., Khan L. A., Rahman R. Hypoglycaemic activity of Coccinia indica and Momordica charantia in diabetic rats: depression of the hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and elevation of both liver and red-cell shunt enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Biochem. J. 1993; 292, 267–270.

19. Miura T., Itoh C., Iwamoto N., Kato M., Kawai M., Park S. R., Suzuki I. Hypoglycemic activity of the fruit of the Momordica charantia in type 2 diabetic mice. J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. (Tokyo) 2001; 47, 340–344.

20. Rathi S. S., Grover J. K., Vats V. The effect of Momordica charantia and Mucuna pruriens in experimental diabetes and their effect on key metabolic enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Phytother. Res. 2002; 16, 236–243.

21. Tahira S., Hussain F. Antidiabetic Evaluation of Momordica charantia L Fruit Extracts. West. Indian Med. J. 2014; 63, 294–299.

22. Ahmed I., Adeghate E., Cummings E., Sharma A. K., Singh J. Beneficial effects and mechanism of action of Momordica charantia juice in the treatment of streptozotocin–induced diabetes mellitus in rat. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 2004; 261, 63–70.

23. Ahmed I., Adeghate E., Sharma A. K., Pallot D. J., Singh J. Effects of Momordica charantia fruit juice on islet morphology in the pancreas of the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 1998; 40, 145–151.

24. Horska K., Kucerova J., Suchy P., Kotolova H. Metabolic syndrome – dysregulation of adipose tissue endocrine function. Ces. slov. Farm. 2014; 63, 152–159.

25. Kucerova J., Babinska Z., Horska K., Kotolova H. The common pathophysiology underlying the metabolic syndrome, schizophrenia and depression. A review. Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc Czech Republic 2014; 159, 208–214.

26. Yamada T., Kose H., Ohta T., Matsumoto K. Genetic dissection of complex genetic factor involved in NIDDM of OLETF rat. Exp. Diabetes Res. 2012; 2012, 582546.

27. Yang S. J., Choi J. M., Park S. E., Rhee E. J., Lee W. Y., Oh K. W., Park S. W., Park C. Y. Preventive effects of bitter melon (Momordica charantia. against insulin resistance and diabetes are associated with the inhibition of NF-kappaB and JNK pathways in high-fat-fed OLETF rats. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2015; 26, 234–240.

28. Patel R., Mahobia N., Upwar N., Waseem N., Talaviya H., Patel Z. Analgesic and antipyretic activities of Momordica charantia Linn. fruits. J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res. 2010; 1, 415–418.

29. Abas R., Othman F., Thent Z. C. Protective effect of Momordica charantia fruit extract on hyperglycaemia-induced cardiac fibrosis. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2014; 2014, 429060.

30. Hussan F., Teoh S. L., Muhamad N., Mazlan M., Latiff A. A. Momordica charantia ointment accelerates diabetic wound healing and enhances transforming growth factor-beta expression. J. Wound Care 2014; 23, 400, 402, 404–407.

31. Yibchok-Anun S., Adisakwattana S., Yao C. Y., Sangvanich P., Roengsumran S., Hsu W. H. Slow acting protein extract from fruit pulp of Momordica charantia with insulin secretagogue and insulinomimetic activities. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2006; 29, 1126–1131.

32. Lo H. Y., Ho T. Y., Li C. C., Chen J. C., Liu J. J., Hsiang C. Y. A novel insulin receptor–binding protein from Momordica charantia enhances glucose uptake and glucose clearance in vitro and in vivo through triggering insulin receptor signaling pathway. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014; 62, 8952–8961.

33. Yang B., Li X., Zhang C., Yan S., Wei W., Wang X., Deng X., Qian H., Lin H., Huang W. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel peptide MC2 analogues from Momordica charantia as potential anti-diabetic agents. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2015; 13, 4551–4561.

34. Tian M., Zeng X. Q., Song H. L., Hu S. X., Wang F. J., Zhao J., Hu Z. B. Molecular diversity and hypoglycemic polypeptide-P content of Momordica charantia in different accessions and different seasons. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2015; 95, 1328–1335.

35. Wu S. B., Yue G. G., To M. H., Keller A. C., Lau C. B., Kennelly E. J. Transport in Caco-2 cell monolayers of antidiabetic cucurbitane triterpenoids from Momordica charantia fruits. Planta Med. 2014; 80, 907–911.

36. Harinantenaina L., Tanaka M., Takaoka S., Oda M., Mogami O., Uchida M., Asakawa Y. Momordica charantia constituents and antidiabetic screening of the isolated major compounds. Chem. Pharm. Bull. (Tokyo) 2006; 54, 1017–1021.

37. Basch E., Gabardi S., Ulbricht C. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia): a review of efficacy and safety. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 2003; 60, 356–359.

38. Chuang C. Y., Hsu C., Chao C. Y., Wein Y. S., Kuo Y. H., Huang C. J. Fractionation and identification of 9c-, 11t-, 13t-conjugated linolenic acid as an activator of PPARalpha in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). J. Biomed. Sci. 2006; 13, 763–772.

39. Zeng K., He Y. N., Yang D., Cao J. Q., Xia X. C., Zhang S. J., Bi X. L., Zhao Y. Q. New compounds from acid hydrolyzed products of the fruits of Momordica charantia L. and their inhibitory activity against protein tyrosine phosphatas 1B. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2014; 81, 176–180.

40. Bakke J.,Haj F. G. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B substrates and metabolic regulation. Semin. Cell. Dev. Biol. 2015; 37, 58–65.

41. Tan M. J., Ye J. M., Turner N., Hohnen-Behrens C., Ke C. Q., Tang C. P., Chen T., Weiss H. C., Gesing E. R., Rowland A., James D. E., Ye Y. Antidiabetic activities of triterpenoids isolated from bitter melon associated with activation of the AMPK pathway. Chem. Biol. 2008; 15, 263–273.

42. Hazarika R., Parida P., Neog B., Yadav R. N. Binding Energy calculation of GSK-3 protein of Human against some anti-diabetic compounds of Momordica charantia linn (Bitter melon). Bioinformation 2012; 8, 251–254.

43. Chen Q., Chan L. L., Li E. T. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) reduces adiposity, lowers serum insulin and normalizes glucose tolerance in rats fed a high fat diet. J. Nutr. 2003; 133, 1088–1093.

44. Shih C. C., Shlau M. T., Lin C. H., Wu J. B. Momordica charantia ameliorates insulin resistance and dyslipidemia with altered hepatic glucose production and fatty acid synthesis and AMPK phosphorylation in high-fat-fed mice. Phytother. Res. 2014; 28, 363–371.

45. Wu J. B., Kuo Y. H., Lin C. H., Ho H. Y., Shih C. C. Tormentic acid, a major component of suspension cells of Eriobotrya japonica, suppresses high-fat diet-induced diabetes and hyperlipidemia by glucose transporter 4 and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014; 62, 10717–10726.

46. Ahmed I., Lakhani M. S., Gillett M., John A., Raza H. Hypotriglyceridemic and hypocholesterolemic effects of anti-diabetic Momordica charantia (karela. fruit extract in streptozotocin–induced diabetic rats. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2001; 51, 155–161.

47. Nerurkar P. V., Lee Y. K., Nerurkar V. R. Momordica charantia (bitter melon. inhibits primary human adipocyte differentiation by modulating adipogenic genes. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2010; 10, 34.

48. Yin J., Zhang H., Ye J. Traditional chinese medicine in treatment of metabolic syndrome. Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets 2008; 8, 99–111.

49. Cherniack E. P. Polyphenols: planting the seeds of treatment for the metabolic syndrome. Nutrition 2011; 27, 617–623.

50. Akhtar M. S. Trial of Momordica charantia Linn (Karela. powder in patients with maturity-onset diabetes. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 1982; 32, 106–107.

51. Baldwa V. S., Bhandari C. M., Pangaria A., Goyal R. K. Clinical trial in patients with diabetes mellitus of an insulin–like compound obtained from plant source. Ups. J. Med. Sci. 1977; 82, 39–41.

52. Khanna P., Jain S. C., Panagariya A., Dixit V. P. Hypoglycemic activity of polypeptide-p from a plant source. J. Nat. Prod. 1981; 44, 648–655.

53. Leatherdale B. A., Panesar R. K., Singh G., Atkins T. W., Bailey C. J., Bignell A. H. Improvement in glucose tolerance due to Momordica charantia (karela). Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res. Ed.) 1981; 282, 1823–1824.

54. Welihinda J., Karunanayake E. H., Sheriff M. H., Jayasinghe K. S. Effect of Momordica charantia on the glucose tolerance in maturity onset diabetes. J. Ethnopharmacol. 1986; 17, 277–282.

55. Ahmad N., Hassan M. R., Halder H., Bennoor K. S. Effect of Momordica charantia (Karolla. extracts on fasting and postprandial serum glucose levels in NIDDM patients. Bangladesh Med. Res. Counc. Bull. 1999; 25, 11–13.

56. Dans A. M., Villarruz M. V., Jimeno C. A., Javelosa M. A., Chua J., Bautista R., Velez G. G. The effect of Momordica charantia capsule preparation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus needs further studies. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2007; 60, 554–559.

57. Rosales R.,Fernando R. An inquiry to the hypoglycemic action of Momordica charantia among type 2 diabetic patients. Phil. J. Inter. Med. 2001; 39, 4.

58. Tsai C. H., Chen E. C., Tsay H. S., Huang C. J. Wild bitter gourd improves metabolic syndrome: a preliminary dietary supplementation trial. Nutr. J. 2012; 11, 4.

59. Kasbia G. S., Arnason J. T., Imbeault P. No effect of acute, single dose oral administration of Momordica charantia Linn., on glycemia, energy expenditure and appetite: a pilot study in non-diabetic overweight men. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009; 126, 127–133.

60. Efird J. T., Choi Y. M., Davies S. W., Mehra S., Anderson E. J., Katunga L. A. Potential for improved glycemic control with dietary Momordica charantia in patients with insulin resistance and pre-diabetes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014; 11, 2328–2345.

61. Yin R. V., Lee N. C., Hirpara H., Phung O. J. The effect of bitter melon (Mormordica charantia. in patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr. Diabetes 2014; 4, e145.

62. Sarkar S., Pranava M., Marita R. Demonstration of the hypoglycemic action of Momordica charantia in a validated animal model of diabetes. Pharmacol. Res. 1996; 33, 1–4.

63. Virdi J., Sivakami S., Shahani S., Suthar A. C., Banavalikar M. M., Biyani M. K. Antihyperglycemic effects of three extracts from Momordica charantia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2003; 88, 107–111.

64. Sathishsekar D., Subramanian S. Beneficial effects of Momordica charantia seeds in the treatment of STZ-induced diabetes in experimental rats. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 2005; 28, 978–983.

65. Ojewole J. A., Adewole S. O., Olayiwola G. Hypoglycaemic and hypotensive effects of Momordica charantia Linn (Cucurbitaceae) whole-plant aqueous extract in rats. Cardiovasc. J. S. Afr. 2006; 17, 227–232.

66. Huang H. L., Hong Y. W., Wong Y. H., Chen Y. N., Chyuan J. H., Huang C. J., Chao P. M. Bitter melon (Momordica charantia L.) inhibits adipocyte hypertrophy and down regulates lipogenic gene expression in adipose tissue of diet-induced obese rats. Br. J. Nutr. 2008; 99, 230–239.

67. Nivitabishekam S. N., Asad M., Prasad V. S. Pharmacodynamic interaction of Momordica charantia with rosiglitazone in rats. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2009; 177, 247–253.

68. Tongia A., Tongia S. K., Dave M. Phytochemical determination and extraction of Momordica charantia fruit and its hypoglycemic potentiation of oral hypoglycemic drugs in diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2004; 48, 241–244.

69. Kochhar A., Nagi M. Effect of supplementation of traditional medicinal plants on blood glucose in non-insulin-dependent diabetics: a pilot study. J. Med. Food 2005; 8, 545–549.

70. Fuangchan A., Sonthisombat P., Seubnukarn T., Chanouan R., Chotchaisuwat P., Sirigulsatien V., Ingkaninan K., Plianbangchang P., Haines S. T. Hypoglycemic effect of bitter melon compared with metformin in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2011; 134, 422–428.

71. Koupý D., Kotolová H., Rudá-Kučerová J. Účinnost fytoterapie v podpůrné léčbě diabetes mellitus typu 2. II. Pískavice řecké seno. Ces. slov. Farm. 2015; 64, 67–71.

72. Ayyanar M., Subash-Babu P., Ignacimuthu S. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels., a novel therapeutic agent for diabetes: folk medicinal and pharmacological evidences. Complement Ther. Med. 2013; 21, 232–243.

73. Krawinkel M. B., Keding G. B. Bitter gourd (Momordica Charantia): a dietary approach to hyperglycemia. Nutr. Rev. 2006; 64, 331–337.

74. Kabir S. R., Nabi M. M., Nurujjaman M., Abu Reza M., Alam A. H., Uz Zaman R., Khalid-Bin-Ferdaus K. M., Amin R., Khan M. M., Hossain M. A., Uddin M. S., Mahmud Z. H. Momordica charantia seed lectin: toxicity, bacterial agglutination and antitumor properties. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 2015; 175, 2616–2628.

75. Tumkiratiwong P., Ploypattarapinyo R., Pongchairerk U., Thong-Asa W. Reproductive toxicity of Momordica charantia ethanol seed extracts in male rats. Iran. J. Reprod. Med. 2014; 12, 695–704.

76. Adewale O. O., Oduyemi O. I., Ayokunle O. Oral administration of leaf extracts of Momordica charantia affect reproductive hormones of adult female Wistar rats. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2014; 4, S521–524.

77. Fang E. F.,Ng T. B. Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia. is a cornucopia of health: a review of its credited antidiabetic, anti-HIV, and antitumor properties. Curr. Mol. Med. 2011; 11, 417–436.

Labels
Pharmacy Clinical pharmacology
Login
Forgotten password

Enter the email address that you registered with. We will send you instructions on how to set a new password.

Login

Don‘t have an account?  Create new account

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#