#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Concomitant diseases and their importance for the prognosis of patients with acute heart failure –  the AHEAD score


Authors: J. Špinar 1,2;  L. Špinarová 3;  J. Pařenica 1,2
Authors‘ workplace: Interní kardiologická klinika LF MU a FN Brno 1;  Mezinárodní centrum klinického výzkumu, FN u sv. Anny v Brně 2;  I. interní kardioangiologická klinika LF MU a FN u sv. Anny v Brně 3
Published in: Kardiol Rev Int Med 2016, 18(1): 22-27
Category: Cardiology Review

Overview

The incidence of heart failure is increasing, mainly due to the increasing age of the population and the improvement of care for patients with acute coronary syndromes. The costs of heart failure treatment form approximately 1– 2% of the total costs of medical care in developed European countries. Acute heart fail­­ure is a clinical syndrome with low cardiac output, hypoperfusion, increased pulmonary pressure and congestion. The cause can be cardiac or non‑cardiac, permanent or temporary and the condition can develop into chronic heart failure. The prognosis of the disease is poor and the in‑hospital mortality of patients with acute coronary syndrome and acute heart failure is 17%, while one‑year mortality is 30%. The most important factor is the severity of heart failure, but concomitant diseases also play an important role. We describe the AHEAD classification, which categorises patients into six groups based on the concomitant diseases. Group 0 and 1 have the best prognosis, with one‑year mortality of less than 20%, while group 4 and 5 have the worst prognosis, with one‑year mortality of over 50%.

Keywords:
heart failure –  comorbidities –  AHEAD score


Sources

1. McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD et al. ESC guidelines for the dia­gnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012. The Task Force for the Dia­gnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 1787– 1847. doi: 10.1093/ eurheartj/ ehs104.

2. Špinar J, Vítovec J, Hradec J et al. Doporučení pro dia­gnostiku a léčbu chronického srdečního selhání –  ČKS 2011. Cor Vasa 2012; 54: 161– 182.

3. Špinar J, Vítovec J, Hradec J et al. Czech Society of Cardiology guidelines for the dia­gnosis and treatment of chronic heart failure 2011. Cor Vasa 2012; 54: e114– e1341.

4. Špinar J, Janský P, Kettner J et al. Doporučení pro dia­gnostiku a léčbu akutního srdečního selhání. Cor Vasa 2006; 48: K3– K31.

5. Spinar J, Parenica J, Vitovec J et al. The AHEAD investigators. Baseline characteristics and hospital mortality in the Acute Heart Failure Database (AHEAD) Main registry. Crit Care 2011; 15: R291. doi: 10.1186/ cc10584.

6. Tomcikova D, Felsoci M, Spinar J et al. Risk of in‑hospital mortality identified according to the typology of patients with acute heart failure: Classification tree analysis on data from the AHEAD‑ Main registry. J Crit Care 2013; 28: 250– 258. doi: 10.1016/ j.jcrc.2012.09.014.

7. Roguin A, Behar D, Ben Ami H et al. Long‑term prognosis of acute pulmonary oedema –  an ominous outcome. Eur J Heart Fail 2000; 2: 137– 144.

8. Sosin MD, Bhatia GS, Zarifis J et al. An 8‑year fol­low‑up study of acute admissions with heart fail­ure in a multiethnic population. Eur J Heart Fail 2004; 6: 669– 672.

9. Krumholz HM, Chen J, Murillo JE et al. Admission to hospitals with on‑ site cardiac catheterization facilities: impact on long‑term costs and outcomes. Circulation 1998; 98: 2010– 2016.

10. Špinarová M, Špinarová L, Špinar J. Klinické klasifikace a skorovací systémy u srdečního selhání. Kardiol Rev Int Med 2015; 16: 131– 135.

11. Killip T, Kimball JT. Treatment of myocardial infarction in a coronary care unit. A two year experience with 250 patients. Am J Cardiol 1967; 20: 457– 464.

12. Nohria A, Tsang SW, Fang JC et al. Clinical assessment identifies hemodynamic profiles that predict autcomes in patients admitted with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003; 41: 1797– 1804.

13. Spinar J, Jarkovský J, Spinarová L et al. The AHEAD investigators. AHEAD score –  Long‑term risk classification in acute heart failure. Int J Cardiol 2016; 202: 21– 26. doi: 10.1016/ j.ijcard.2015.08.187.

14. Spinarova L, Spinar J, Vitovec J et al. The AHEAD investigators. Gender differences in total cholesterol levels in patients with acute heart failure and its importance for short and long term prognosis. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Republic 2012; 156: 21– 28. doi: 10.5507/ bp.2012.015.

15. Filipovský J, Widimský J jr., Ceral J et al. Dia­gnostické a léčebné postupy u arteriální hypertenze –  verze 2012. Doporučení České společnosti pro hypertenzi. Vnitr Lek 2012; 58: 785– 801.

16. Felšöci M, Pařenica J, Špinar J et al. The AHEAD investigators. Does previous hypertension affect outcome in acute heart failure? Eur J Intern Med 2011; 22: 591– 596. doi: 10.1016/ j.ejim.2011.09.006.

17. Ouwerkerk W, Voors AA, Zwinderman AH. Factors influencing the predictive power of models for predicting mortality and/ or heart failure hospitalization in patients with heart failure. JACC Heart Fail 2014; 2: 429– 436. doi: 10.1016/ j.jchf.2014.04.006.

18. Rahimi K, Bennett, D, Conrad N et al. Risk prediction in patiens with heart failure. a systematic review and analysis. JACC Heart Fail 2014; 2: 440– 446. doi: 10.1016/ j.jchf.2014.04.008.

19. Cheng M, Lu X, Huang J et al. The prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation in heart failure with a preserved and reduced left ventricular function: insights from a meta‑analysis. Eur J Heart Fail 2014; 16: 1317– 1322. doi: 10.1002/ ejhf.187.

20. Špinar J, Ludka O, Sepši M. The AHEAD investigators: Atrial fibrillation as prognostic factor of myocardial infarction and/ or acute heart failure. Interventional Medicine and Applied Science 2011; 3: 104– 107.

21. Mitchell JE. Emerging role of anaemia in heart failure. Am J Cardiol 2007; 99: 15D–20D.

22. Tang YD, Katz SD. Anemia in chronic heart fail­ure: prevalence, etiology, clinical correlates, and treatment options. Circulation 2006; 113: 2454– 2461.

23. Anand IS. Anemia and chronic heart failure implications and treatment options. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 501– 511. doi: 10.1016/ j.jacc.2008.04.044.

24. Horwich TB, Fonarow GC, Hamilton MA et al. Anemia is associated with worse symp­toms, greater impairment in functional capacity and a significant increase in mortality in patients with advanced heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002; 39: 1780– 1786.

25. Consuegra‑ Sánchez L, Núñez J, Fácila L et al. Prognostic impact of anaemia in acute heart failure. Rev Invest Clin 2006; 58: 279– 284.

26. Lazzarini V, Mentz RJ, Fiuzat M et al. Heart failure in elderly patients: distinctive features and unresolved issues. Eur J Heart Fail 2013; 15: 717– 723. doi: 10.1093/ eurjhf/ hft028.

27. Ronco C, McCullough P, Anker SD et al. Cardio‑ renal syndromes: report from the consensus conference of the acute dialysis quality initiative. Eur Heart J 2010; 31: 703– 711. doi: 10.1093/ eurheartj/ ehp507.

28. Kannel WB, Hjortland M, Castelli WP. Role of diabetes in congestive heart failure: the Framingham study. Am J Cardiol 1974; 34: 29– 34.

29. Parissis JT, Rafouli‑ Stergiou P, Mebazaa A et al. Acute heart failure in patients with diabetes mellitus: clinical characteristics and predictors of in‑hospital mortality. Int J Cardiol 2012; 157: 108– 113. doi: 10.1016/ j.ijcard.2011.11.098.

Labels
Paediatric cardiology Internal medicine Cardiac surgery Cardiology

Article was published in

Cardiology Review

Issue 1

2016 Issue 1

Most read in this issue
Topics Journals
Login
Forgotten password

Enter the email address that you registered with. We will send you instructions on how to set a new password.

Login

Don‘t have an account?  Create new account

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#