Potential markers of prostate cancer in urine

Overview

Prostate cancer is one of the most common oncological diseases among men worldwide. Accu rate diagnosis and patient stratification are crucial for ensuring timely and appropriate therapy. Cur rent standards primarily rely on PSA, whose tumor specificity is limited. This review focuses on non invasive potential oncological markers derived from urine, including oxidative stress, metabolomics and nucleic acid analysis. Some studies indicate that elevated levels of markers such as F2‑isoprostane, sarcosine or PCA3 may signify the presence and aggressiveness of prostate cancer. New combined tests Prostarix, Mi‑Prostate Score, SelectMDX and ExoDX offer potential for improved diagnosis and patient stratification, as well as a reduction in nega tive biopsies. However, the clinical application of these new markers remains limited. Considering the heterogeneity of this disease, ongoing research is essential to support a personalized approach to treatment.