"The dead shall be raised": Multidisciplinary analysis of human skeletons reveals complexity in 19th century immigrant socioeconomic history and identity in New Haven, Connecticut
Autoři:
Gary P. Aronsen aff001; Lars Fehren-Schmitz aff002; John Krigbaum aff003; George D. Kamenov aff004; Gerald J. Conlogue aff005; Christina Warinner aff007; Andrew T. Ozga aff007; Krithivasan Sankaranarayanan aff008; Anthony Griego aff009; Daniel W. DeLuca aff009; Howard T. Eckels aff009; Romuald K. Byczkiewicz aff010; Tania Grgurich aff005; Natalie A. Pelletier aff005; Sarah A. Brownlee aff001; Ana Marichal aff001; Kylie Williamson aff001; Yukiko Tonoike aff001; Nicholas F. Bellantoni aff011
Působiště autorů:
Department of Anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
aff001; Department of Historical Anthropology and Human Ecology, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
aff002; Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
aff003; Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
aff004; Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, United States of America
aff005; Bioanthropology Research Institute, Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, United States of America
aff006; Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
aff007; Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America
aff008; Independent Scholar, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
aff009; Department of History, Central Connecticut State University, New Britain, Connecticut, United States of America
aff010; Connecticut State Museum of Natural History, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
aff011
Vyšlo v časopise:
PLoS ONE 14(9)
Kategorie:
Research Article
doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219279
Souhrn
In July 2011, renovations to Yale-New Haven Hospital inadvertently exposed the cemetery of Christ Church, New Haven, Connecticut’s first Catholic cemetery. While this cemetery was active between 1833 and 1851, both the church and its cemetery disappeared from public records, making the discovery serendipitous. Four relatively well-preserved adult skeletons were recovered with few artifacts. All four individuals show indicators of manual labor, health and disease stressors, and dental health issues. Two show indicators of trauma, with the possibility of judicial hanging in one individual. Musculoskeletal markings are consistent with physical stress, and two individuals have arthritic indicators of repetitive movement/specialized activities. Radiographic analyses show osteopenia, healed trauma, and other pathologies in several individuals. Dental calculus analysis did not identify any tuberculosis indicators, despite osteological markers. Isotopic analyses of teeth indicate that all four were likely recent immigrants to the Northeastern United States. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA were recovered from three individuals, and these analyses identified ancestry, hair/eye color, and relatedness. Genetic and isotopic results upended our initial ancestry assessment based on burial context alone. These individuals provide biocultural evidence of New Haven’s Industrial Revolution and the plasticity of ethnic and religious identity in the immigrant experience. Their recovery and the multifaceted analyses described here illuminate a previously undescribed part of the city’s rich history. The collective expertise of biological, geochemical, archaeological, and historical researchers interprets socioeconomic and cultural identity better than any one could alone. Our combined efforts changed our initial assumptions of a poor urban Catholic cemetery’s membership, and provide a template for future discoveries and analyses.
Klíčová slova:
Biology and life sciences – Anatomy – Digestive system – Teeth – Head – Jaw – Osteology – Molecular biology – Molecular biology techniques – Artificial gene amplification and extension – Polymerase chain reaction – Medicine and health sciences – Infectious diseases – People and places – Geographical locations – Europe – Population groupings – Religious faiths – Christianity – Catholicism – Physical sciences – Mathematics – Calculus – Chemistry – Chemical elements – Strontium – Research and analysis methods
Zdroje
1. Stojanowski CM, Buikstra JE. Research trends in human osteology: a content analysis of papers published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2005;128(1):98–109. Epub 2005/02/17. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20088 15714525.
2. Roberts CA, Manchester K. The Archaeology of Disease. Stroud: The History Press; 2007. 352 p.
3. Larsen CS. Bioarchaeology: interpreting behavior from the human skeleton. Mascie-Taylor CGN, Foley RA, editors. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2015. 654 p.
4. Jurmain R. Stories from the Skeleton: Behavioral Reconstruction in Human Osteology. New York: Taylor and Francis; 1999. 344 p.
5. Brotherton PS, Nguyen VK. Revisiting local biology in the era of global health. Med Anthropol. 2013;32(4):287–90. Epub 2013/06/19. doi: 10.1080/01459740.2013.791290 23768215.
6. İşcan MY, Kennedy KAR, editors. Reconstruction of Life from the Skeleton. New York: Wiley Liss; 1989.
7. Temple DH, Goodman AH. Bioarcheology has a "health" problem: conceptualizing "stress" and "health" in bioarcheological research. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2014;155(2):186–91. Epub 2014/08/20. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22602 25137442.
8. Agarwal SC. Bone morphologies and histories: Life course approaches in bioarchaeology. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2016;159(Suppl 61):S130–49. Epub 2016/01/26. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22905 26808102.
9. King T, Humphrey LT, Hillson S. Linear enamel hypoplasias as indicators of systemic physiological stress: Evidence from two known age-at-death and sex populations from postmedieval London. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2005;128(3):547–59. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20232 15861429
10. Roksandic M, Armstrong SD. Using the life history model to set the stage(s) of growth and senescence in bioarchaeology and paleodemography. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2011;145(3):337–47. Epub 2011/04/07. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21508 21469078.
11. Molleson T. A method for the study of activity related skeletal morphologies. Bioarchaeology of the Near East. 2007;1(1):5–33.
12. Smith BH. Life history and the evolution of human maturation. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 2005;1(4):134–42. doi: 10.1002/evan.1360010406
13. Grauer AL, editor. A Companion to Paleopathology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.; 2011.
14. Ortner DJ, Putschar WG. Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. New York: Academic Press; 2003.
15. Klaus HD. Frontiers in the bioarchaeology of stress and disease: Cross-disciplinary perspectives from pathophysiology, human biology, and epidemiology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2014;155(2):294–308. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22574 25082158
16. Walsh MC, Kim N, Kadono Y, Rho J, Lee SY, Lorenzo J, et al. Osteoimmunology: interplay between the immune system and bone metabolism. Annu Rev Immunol. 2006;24(1):33–63. Epub 2006/03/23. doi: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.24.021605.090646 16551243.
17. Klaus HD. The Bioarchaeology of Structural Violence: A Theoretical Model and a Case Study. The Bioarchaeology of Violence: University Press of Florida; 2012. p. 29–62.
18. Kimmerle E, Pablo Baraybar J. Skeletal Trauma: Identification of Injuries Resulting from Human Rights Abuse and Armed Conflict. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2008 2008/02/19. 520 p.
19. Martin DL, Harrod RP. Bioarchaeological contributions to the study of violence. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2015;156 Suppl 59:116–45. Epub 2014/11/20. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22662 25407549.
20. Katzenberg MA. Stable Isotope Analysis: A Tool for Studying Past Diet, Demography, and Life History. In: Katzenberg MA, Saunders SR, editors. Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2008. p. 411–41.
21. Sealy J, Armstrong R, Schrire C. Beyond lifetime averages: tracing life histories through isotopic analysis of different calcified tissues from archaeological human skeletons. Antiquity. 2015;69(263):290–300. doi: 10.1017/s0003598x00064693
22. Bilge Y, Kedici PS, Alakoc YD, Ulkuer KU, Ilkyaz YY. The identification of a dismembered human body: a multidisciplinary approach. Forensic Sci Int. 2003;137(2–3):141–6. Epub 2003/11/12. doi: 10.1016/s0379-0738(03)00334-7 14609649.
23. Haak W, Brandt G, de Jong HN, Meyer C, Ganslmeier R, Heyd V, et al. Ancient DNA, Strontium isotopes, and osteological analyses shed light on social and kinship organization of the Later Stone Age. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105(47):18226–31. Epub 2008/11/19. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0807592105 19015520
24. Haak W, Lazaridis I, Patterson N, Rohland N, Mallick S, Llamas B, et al. Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe. Nature. 2015;522(7555):207–11. Epub 2015/03/04. doi: 10.1038/nature14317 25731166
25. Leach S, Lewis M, Chenery C, Muldner G, Eckardt H. Migration and diversity in Roman Britain: a multidisciplinary approach to the identification of immigrants in Roman York, England. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2009;140(3):546–61. Epub 2009/06/17. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21104 19530143.
26. Warinner C, Speller C, Collins MJ. A new era in palaeomicrobiology: prospects for ancient dental calculus as a long-term record of the human oral microbiome. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2015;370(1660):20130376. Epub 2014/12/10. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0376 25487328
27. Kamenov GD, Kimmerle EH, Curtis JH, Norris D. Georeferencing a Cold Case Victim with Lead, Strontium, Carbon, and Oxygen Isotopes. Annals of Anthropological Practice. 2014;38(1):137–54. doi: 10.1111/napa.12048
28. Speller CF, Spalding KL, Buchholz BA, Hildebrand D, Moore J, Mathewes R, et al. Personal identification of cold case remains through combined contribution from anthropological, mtDNA, and bomb-pulse dating analyses. J Forensic Sci. 2012;57(5):1354–60. Epub 2012/07/19. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02223.x 22804335
29. Font L, van der Peijl G, van Leuwen C, van Wetten I, Davies GR. Identification of the geographical place of origin of an unidentified individual by multi-isotope analysis. Sci Justice. 2015;55(1):34–42. Epub 2015/01/13. doi: 10.1016/j.scijus.2014.06.011 25577005.
30. Pate D. Geographic Origin and Mobility Recorded in the Chemical Composition of Human Tissues. In: Oxenham M, editor. Forensic Approaches to Death, Disaster and Abuse. Bowen Hills: Australian Academic Press; 2008. p. 177–88.
31. Watkins JK, Blatt SH, Bradbury CA, Alanko GA, Kohn MJ, Lytle ML, et al. Determining the population affinity of an unprovenienced human skull for repatriation. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. 2017;12:384–94. doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2017.02.006
32. Farmer P. Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor. Berkeley: University of California Press; 2003.
33. Galtung J. Violence, peace, and peace research. Journal of Peace Research. 1969;6(3):167–91.
34. Kleinman A, Das V, Lock MM, editors. Social Suffering. Berkeley: University of California Press; 1997.
35. McLean KE, Panter-Brick C. Violence, structural and interpersonal. In: Callan H, editor. International Encyclopedia of Anthropology. New York: Wiley Blackwell; In Press.
36. House JS, Lepkowski JM, Kinney AM, Mero RP, Kessler RC, Herzog AR. The social stratification of aging and health. J Health Soc Behav. 1994;35(3):213–34. Epub 1994/09/01. doi: 10.2307/2137277 7983335.
37. Cohen MN. The emergence of health and social inequalities in the archaeological record. In: Strickland SS, Shetty PS, editors. Human Biology and Social Inequality. Society for the Study of Human Biology. 39. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1998. p. 249–71.
38. Özener B, Fink B. Facial symmetry in young girls and boys from a slum and a control area of Ankara, Turkey. Evolution and Human Behavior. 2010;31(6):436–41. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.06.003
39. Buzon MR, Walker PL, Verhagen FD, Kerr SL. Health and Disease in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco: Skeletal Evidence from a Forgotten Cemetery. Historical Archaeology. 2016;39(2):1–15. doi: 10.1007/bf03376683
40. De La Cova C. Race, health, and disease in 19th-century-born males. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2011;144(4):526–37. Epub 2011/03/16. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21434 21404230.
41. De La Cova C. Cultural Patterns of Trauma among 19th-Century-Born Males in Cadaver Collections. American Anthropologist. 2010;112(4):589–606. doi: 10.1111/j.1548-1433.2010.01278.x 21132946
42. Harrod RP, Crandall JJ. Rails Built of the Ancestors’ Bones: The Bioarchaeology of the Overseas Chinese Experience. Historical Archaeology. 2016;49(1):148–61. doi: 10.1007/bf03376965
43. Harrod RP, Thompson JL, Martin DL. Hard Labor and Hostile Encounters: What Human Remains Reveal about Institutional Violence and Chinese Immigrants Living in Carlin, Nevada (1885–1923). Historical Archaeology. 2016;46(4):85–111. doi: 10.1007/bf03376880
44. Roberts CA, Buikstra JE. The Bioarchaeology of Tuberculosis: A Global View on a Reemerging Disease. Gainesville: University Press of Florida; 2008. 368 p.
45. Brickley M, Ives R. The Study of Metabolic Bone Disease in Bioarchaeology. The Bioarchaeology of Metabolic Bone Disease: Elsevier; 2008. p. 7–20.
46. Ortner DJ. Differential Diagnosis and Issues in Disease Classification. A Companion to Paleopathology: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. p. 250–67.
47. Buikstra JE. Out of the appendix and into the dirt: comments on thirteen years of bioarchaeological research. In: Powell ML, Bridges PS, Mires AMW, editors. What Mean These Bones? Studies in Southeastern Bioarchaeology. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press; 1991. p. 172–88.
48. Buikstra JE, Beck LA, editors. Bioarchaeology: the Contextual Analysis of Human Remains. New York: Routledge; 2009.
49. Klein JC. Interdisciplinarity: History, Theory and Practice. Detroit: Wayne University Press; 1990. 331 p.
50. Farmer P. An Anthropology of Structural Violence. Current Anthropology. 2004;45(3):305–25. doi: 10.1086/382250
51. Goodman AH. On the Interpretation of Health From Skeletal Remains. Current Anthropology. 1993;34(3):281–8. doi: 10.1086/204170
52. Lustick IS. History, Historiography, and Political Science: Multiple Historical Records and the Problem of Selection Bias. American Political Science Review. 2014;90(03):605–18. doi: 10.2307/2082612
53. Wood JW, Milner GR, Harpending HC, Weiss KM, Cohen MN, Eisenberg LE, et al. The Osteological Paradox: Problems of Inferring Prehistoric Health from Skeletal Samples [and Comments and Reply]. Current Anthropology. 1992;33(4):343–70. doi: 10.1086/204084
54. Weston DA. Nonspecific Infection in Paleopathology: Interpreting Periosteal Reactions. In: Grauer AL, editor. A Companion to Paleopathology. New York: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012. p. 492–512.
55. Perry MA. Is bioarchaeology a handmaiden to history? Developing a historical bioarchaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 2007;26(3):486–515. doi: 10.1016/j.jaa.2007.02.002
56. Knudson KJ, Stojanowski CM. New Directions in Bioarchaeology: Recent Contributions to the Study of Human Social Identities. Journal of Archaeological Research. 2008;16(4):397–432. doi: 10.1007/s10814-008-9024-4
57. Nystrom KC. The Bioarchaeology of Structural Violence and Dissection in the 19th-Century United States. American Anthropologist. 2014;116(4):765–79. doi: 10.1111/aman.12151
58. Cohen MN, Armelagos GJ, editors. Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture. Gainesville: University of Press Florida; 1984.
59. Lambert PM. Health versus fitness: competing themes in the origins and spread of agriculture? Curr Anthropol. 2009;50(5):603–8. Epub 2010/07/21. doi: 10.1086/605354 20642145.
60. Pinhasi R, Stock JT, editors. Human Bioarchaeology of the Transition to Agriculture. New York: John Wiley and Sons; 2011.
61. Blakely RL, Beck LA. Bioarchaeology in the Urban Context. In: Dickens RS Jr., editor. Archaeology of Urban America. Toronto: Academic Press; 1982. p. 175–207.
62. DeWitte SN, Hughes-Morey G, Bekvalac J, Karsten J. Wealth, health and frailty in industrial-era London. Ann Hum Biol. 2016;43(3):241–54. Epub 2015/06/16. doi: 10.3109/03014460.2015.1020873 26073638.
63. Armstrong DV, Fleischman ML. House-yard burials of enslaved laborers in eighteenth-century Jamaica. International Journal of Historical Archaeology. 2003;7(1):33–65. doi: 10.1023/a:1023227303302
64. Rasmussen M, Li Y, Lindgreen S, Pedersen JS, Albrechtsen A, Moltke I, et al. Ancient human genome sequence of an extinct Palaeo-Eskimo. Nature. 2010;463(7282):757–62. Epub 2010/02/12. doi: 10.1038/nature08835 20148029
65. Allentoft ME, Sikora M, Sjogren KG, Rasmussen S, Rasmussen M, Stenderup J, et al. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia. Nature. 2015;522(7555):167–72. Epub 2015/06/13. doi: 10.1038/nature14507 26062507.
66. Mathieson I, Lazaridis I, Rohland N, Mallick S, Patterson N, Alpaslan Roodenberg S, et al. Eight thousand years of natural selection in Europe. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory; 2015.
67. Williamson MA, Johnston CA, Symes SA, Schultz JJ. Interpersonal violence between 18th century Native Americans and Europeans in Ohio. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2003;122(2):113–22. Epub 2003/09/02. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.10262 12949831.
68. Beaumont J, Geber J, Powers N, Wilson A, Lee-Thorp J, Montgomery J. Victims and survivors: Stable isotopes used to identify migrants from the Great Irish Famine to 19th century London. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2013;150(1):87–98. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22179 23124593
69. Wells T. Nail chronology: The use of technologically derived features. Historical Archaeology. 1998;32(2):78–99. doi: 10.1007/bf03374252
70. Springate MF. Mass-produced coffin hardware in eastern North America: A synthesis. Paper presented at the Society for Historical Archaeology Annual Meeting; Atlanta GA1998.
71. Buikstra JE, Ubelaker DH. Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains: Proceedings of a Seminar at the Field Museum of Natural History. Fayetteville: Arkansas Archaeological Survey; 1994. 272 p.
72. Ousley SD, Dudar JC. Osteoware. Version 2.4.037. ed. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution; 2011.
73. Hauser G, De Stefano GF. Epigenetic Variants of the Human Skull. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart; 1989.
74. Jantz RL, Ousley SD. FORDISC 3.0: Personal Computer Forensic Discriminant Functions. Version 3.196 ed. Knoxville: University of Tennessee; 2012.
75. Aufderheide AC, Rodríguez-Martín C, Langsjoen O. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Paleopathology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1998. 496 p.
76. Capasso L, Kennedy KAR, Wilczak CA. Atlas of Occupational Markers on Human Remains. Teramo: Edigrafital; 1999.
77. Mariotti V, Facchini F, Giovanna Belcastro M. Enthesopathies–proposal of a standardized scoring method and applications. Collegium Antropologicum. 2004;28(1):145–59. 15636072
78. Mariotti V, Facchini F, Belcastro MG. The study of entheses: proposal of a standardised scoring method for twenty-three entheses of the postcranial skeleton. Collegium Antropologicum. 2007;31(1):291–313. 17598416
79. Beckett R, Conlogue G. Paleoimaging. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2009 2009/09/21.
80. Fehren-Schmitz L, Llamas B, Lindauer S, Tomasto-Cagigao E, Kuzminsky S, Rohland N, et al. A Re-Appraisal of the Early Andean Human Remains from Lauricocha in Peru. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0127141. Epub 2015/06/11. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127141 26061688
81. Fehren-Schmitz L, Reindel M, Cagigao ET, Hummel S, Herrmann B. Pre-Columbian population dynamics in coastal southern Peru: A diachronic investigation of mtDNA patterns in the Palpa region by ancient DNA analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2010;141(2):208–21. Epub 2009/07/30. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21135 19639639.
82. Kloss-Brandstätter A, Salas A, Pacher D, Kronenberg F, Specht G, Weissensteiner H, et al. HaploGrep 2: mitochondrial haplogroup classification in the era of high-throughput sequencing. Nucleic Acids Research. 2016;44(W1):W58–W63. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkw233 27084951
83. van Oven M, Kayser M. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Human Mutation. 2009;30(2):E386–E94. doi: 10.1002/humu.20921 18853457
84. Seidenberg V, Schilz F, Pfister D, Georges L, Fehren-Schmitz L, Hummel S. A new miniSTR heptaplex system for genetic fingerprinting of ancient DNA from archaeological human bone. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2012;39(10):3224–9. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2012.05.019
85. Grumbkow Pv, Frommer S, Kootker LM, Davies GR, Mazanec J, Hummel S. Kinship and mobility in 11th-century A.D. Gammertingen, Germany: an interdisciplinary approach. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2013;40(10):3768–76. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2013.05.001
86. Willuweit S, Roewer L. The new Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2015;15:43–8. Epub 2014/12/23. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2014.11.024 25529991.
87. Walsh S, Liu F, Wollstein A, Kovatsi L, Ralf A, Kosiniak-Kamysz A, et al. The HIrisPlex system for simultaneous prediction of hair and eye colour from DNA. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2013;7(1):98–115. Epub 2012/08/25. doi: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2012.07.005 22917817.
88. Valentine B, Kamenov GD, Krigbaum J. Reconstructing Neolithic groups in Sarawak, Malaysia through lead and strontium isotope analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2008;35(6):1463–73. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2007.10.016
89. Pin C, Bassin C. Evaluation of a strontium-specific extraction chromatographic method for isotopic analysis in geological materials. Analytica Chimica Acta. 1992;269(2):249–55. doi: 10.1016/0003-2670(92)85409-y
90. Kamenov GD, Mueller PA, Perfit MR. Optimization of mixed Pb–Tl solutions for high precision isotopic analyses by MC-ICP-MS. J Anal At Spectrom. 2004;19(9):1262–7. doi: 10.1039/b403222e
91. Velsko IM, Warinner C. Bioarchaeology of the Human Microbiome. Bioarchaeology International. 2017;1(1–2):86–99. doi: 10.5744/bi.2017.1004
92. Ziesemer KA, Mann AE, Sankaranarayanan K, Schroeder H, Ozga AT, Brandt BW, et al. Intrinsic challenges in ancient microbiome reconstruction using 16S rRNA gene amplification. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):16498. Epub 2015/11/14. doi: 10.1038/srep16498 26563586
93. Caporaso JG, Lauber CL, Walters WA, Berg-Lyons D, Huntley J, Fierer N, et al. Ultra-high-throughput microbial community analysis on the Illumina HiSeq and MiSeq platforms. ISME J. 2012;6(8):1621–4. Epub 2012/03/10. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2012.8 22402401
94. Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J, Walters WA, González A, Caporaso JG, Knight R. Using QIIME to analyze 16S rRNA gene sequences from microbial communities. Current Protocols in Microbiology. 2011;27:E.5.1–E.5.20. doi: 10.1002/0471250953.bi1007s36 22161565
95. Zhang J, Kobert K, Flouri T, Stamatakis A. PEAR: a fast and accurate Illumina Paired-End reAd mergeR. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(5):614–20. Epub 2013/10/22. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt593 24142950
96. Hale CR. Charles R. Hale Collection of Connecticut Cemetery Inscriptions, 1629–1934. Hartford: Connecticut State Library 1934. p. Volume 215–6
97. Geifman N, Cohen R, Rubin E. Redefining meaningful age groups in the context of disease. AGE. 2013;35(6):2357–66. doi: 10.1007/s11357-013-9510-6 23354682
98. Flood N. Cemetery demography. In: Belswenger JM, editor. Experiments to Teach Ecology. Washington DC: Ecological Society of America; 1993. p. 155–70.
99. Owsley DW, Orser CE, Mann RW, Moore-Jansen PH, Montgomery RL. Demography and pathology of an urban slave population from New Orleans. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1987;74(2):185–97. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330740207 3322026
100. Interment.net. New York Marble Cemetery records, New York City, NY. 2017 [cited December 2017]. http://www.interment.net/data/us/ny/new-york/new-york-marble-cemetery.htm.
101. Williams EH. Cemetery Demography. 2011 [cited January 2017]. http://academics.hamilton.edu/biology/ewilliam/cemetery/default.html#demography.
102. Nashville City Cemetery Association. Names of African-Americans buried at the Nashville City Cemetery recorded in the interment books 1846–1979 (Index 1). 2017 [cited January 2018]. http://thenashvillecitycemetery.org/aa-I.htm.
103. O'Donnell JH. History of the Diocese of Hartford. Boston: D. H. Hurd; 1900.
104. Archdiocese of Hartford. Archival Records. Hartford, CT: Archdiocese of Hartford; No Date.
105. Brown EM. New Haven, a Guide to Architecture and Urban Design. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1976. 242 p.
106. Bell C. Yale-New Haven Hospital and the Community Health Movement in a Model City [Senior Thesis]: Department of History of Science/History of Medicine, Yale University; 2013.
107. Elliott M, Collard M. Fordisc and the determination of ancestry from cranial measurements. Biology Letters. 2009;5(6):849–52. doi: 10.1098/rsbl.2009.0462 19586965
108. Ousley SD, Jantz RL. Fordisc 3 and statistical methods for estimating sex and ancestry. In: Dirkmaat D C, editor. Companion to Forensic Anthropology. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2012. p. 311–29.
109. Woollard P. Evidence of wear on teeth from Canterbury. Society for Clay Pipe Research Newslette. 1996;50(39).
110. Wells C. Dental pathology from a burial ground in Norwich, Norfolk. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. 1968;23(4):372–9. doi: 10.1093/jhmas/xxiii.4.372 4881524
111. Reid DJ, Dean MC. Brief communication: The timing of linear hypoplasias on human anterior teeth. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2000;113(1):135–9. doi: 10.1002/1096-8644(200009)113:1<135::AID-AJPA13>3.0.CO;2-A 10954627
112. Goodman AH, Armelagos GJ. Factors affecting the distribution of enamel hypoplasias within the human permanent dentition. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1985;68(4):479–93. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330680404 3909823
113. Meyer A. Assessment of diet and recognition of nutritional deficiencies in paleopathological studies: A review. Clinical Anatomy. 2016;29(7):862–9. doi: 10.1002/ca.22696 26823189
114. Hillson S. Dental Pathology. In: Katzenberg MA, Saunders SR, editors. Biological Anthropology of the Human Skeleton. 2nd ed. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 2007. p. 299–340.
115. She R, Szakacs J. Hyperostosis frontalis interna: case report and review of literature. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science. 2004;34(2):206–8.
116. Glab H, Szostek K, Kaczanowski K. Hyperostosis frontalis interna, a genetic disease?: Two medieval cases from Southern Poland. Homo. 2006;57(1):19–27. Epub 2006/02/07. doi: 10.1016/j.jchb.2005.08.001 16458728.
117. Smathers RL, Stelling CB, Keats TE. The destructive wrist arthropathy of pseudogout. Skeletal Radiol. 1982;7(4):255–8. Epub 1982/01/01. doi: 10.1007/bf00361981 7071623.
118. Roberts AM, Robson-Brown K, Musgrave JH, Leslie I. A case of bilateral scapholunate advanced collapse in a Romano-British skeleton from Ancaster. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 2006;16(3):208–20. doi: 10.1002/oa.817
119. Rothschild BM, Heathcote GM. Characterization of gout in a skeletal population sample: presumptive diagnosis in a Micronesian population. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1995;98(4):519–25. Epub 1995/12/01. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330980411 8599385.
120. Reinus WR. Systematic Approach to Arthropathies. Diagnostic Imaging of Musculoskeletal Diseases: Humana Press; 2009. p. 407–96.
121. Richards MB, Macaulay VA, Bandelt HJ, Sykes BC. Phylogeography of mitochondrial DNA in western Europe. Annals of Human Genetics. 1998;62(3):241–60. Epub 1998/05/01. doi: 10.1046/j.1469-1809.1998.6230241.x 9803269
122. Juras A, Krzewinska M, Nikitin AG, Ehler E, Chylenski M, Lukasik S, et al. Diverse origin of mitochondrial lineages in Iron Age Black Sea Scythians. Sci Rep. 2017;7:43950. Epub 2017/03/08. doi: 10.1038/srep43950 28266657
123. Pala M, Olivieri A, Achilli A, Accetturo M, Metspalu E, Reidla M, et al. Mitochondrial DNA signals of late glacial recolonization of Europe from near eastern refugia. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;90(5):915–24. Epub 2012/05/09. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.04.003 22560092
124. Messina F, Finocchio A, Akar N, Loutradis A, Michalodimitrakis EI, Brdicka R, et al. Spatially Explicit Models to Investigate Geographic Patterns in the Distribution of Forensic STRs: Application to the North-Eastern Mediterranean. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0167065. Epub 2016/11/30. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167065 27898725
125. Willems T, Gymrek M, Highnam G, Genomes Project C, Mittelman D, Erlich Y. The landscape of human STR variation. Genome Res. 2014;24(11):1894–904. Epub 2014/08/20. doi: 10.1101/gr.177774.114 25135957
126. Ruitberg CM, Reeder DJ, Butler JM. STRBase: a short tandem repeat DNA database for the human identity testing community. Nucleic Acids Res. 2001;29(1):320–2. Epub 2000/01/11. doi: 10.1093/nar/29.1.320 11125125
127. Koziol P, Ciesielka M, Madro R, Krajka A. Genetic data on 19 STR loci in south-east Poland. Forensic Sci Int. 2004;139(1):89–92. Epub 2003/12/23. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.10.001 14687780.
128. Kamenov GD, Lofaro EM, Goad G, Krigbaum J. Trace elements in modern and archaeological human teeth: Implications for human metal exposure and enamel diagenetic changes. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2018;99:27–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jas.2018.09.002.
129. Evans JA, Chenery CA, Montgomery J. A summary of strontium and oxygen isotope variation in archaeological human tooth enamel excavated from Britain. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry. 2012;27(5):754. doi: 10.1039/c2ja10362a
130. Kamenov GD, Curtis JH. Using Carbon, Oxygen, Strontium, and Lead Isotopes in Modern Human Teeth for Forensic Investigations: A Critical Overview Based on Data from Bulgaria. J Forensic Sci. 2017;62(6):1452–9. Epub 2017/02/24. doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.13462 28230896.
131. Kamenov GD, Gulson BL. The Pb isotopic record of historical to modern human lead exposure. Science of The Total Environment. 2014;490:861–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.085. 24907620
132. Bower NW, McCants SA, Custodio JM, Ketterer ME, Getty SR, Hoffman JM. Human lead exposure in a late 19th century mental asylum population. Science of The Total Environment. 2007;372(2):463–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.10.019.
133. Keller AT, Regan LA, Lundstrom CC, Bower NW. Evaluation of the efficacy of spatiotemporal Pb isoscapes for provenancing of human remains. Forensic Science International. 2016;261:83–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.006. 26914828
134. Bell LS, Lee-Thorp JA, Dobney K. Mapping Human Movement using Stable Oxygen Isotopic Ratio Mass Spectrometry: Potential Application to Forensic Science Demonstrated by a Modern Horse-Human Study. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal. 2006;39(2):47–54. doi: 10.1080/00085030.2006.10757136
135. Chen T, Yu WH, Izard J, Baranova OV, Lakshmanan A, Dewhirst FE. The Human Oral Microbiome Database: a web accessible resource for investigating oral microbe taxonomic and genomic information. Database (Oxford). 2010;2010(0):baq013. Epub 2010/07/14. doi: 10.1093/database/baq013 20624719
136. Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, Paster BJ, Tanner AC, Yu WH, et al. The human oral microbiome. J Bacteriol. 2010;192(19):5002–17. Epub 2010/07/27. doi: 10.1128/JB.00542-10 20656903
137. Eguchi J, Ishihara K, Watanabe A, Fukumoto Y, Okuda K. PCR method is essential for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis in oral cavity samples. Oral Microbiology and Immunology. 2003;18(3):156–9. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-302X.2003.00050.x 12753466
138. Kimmerle EH, Jantz RL, Konigsberg LW, Baraybar JP. Skeletal estimation and identification in American and East European populations. J Forensic Sci. 2008;53(3):524–32. Epub 2008/05/13. doi: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00708.x 18471195.
139. Stojanowski CM. Ethnogenetic theory and new directions in biodistance research. In: Lozada MC, O'Donnabhain B, editors. The Dead Tell Tales: Essays in Honor of Jane E Buikstra. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press; 2013. p. 71–82.
140. Susanne C, Lepage Y. Assortative mating for anthropometric characters. In: Mascie-Taylor CGN, Boyce AJ, editors. Human Mating Patterns. 28. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1988. p. 83–99.
141. Schwartz CR. Trends and Variation in Assortative Mating: Causes and Consequences. Annual Review of Sociology. 2013;39(1):451–70. doi: 10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145544
142. Domingue BW, Fletcher J, Conley D, Boardman JD. Genetic and educational assortative mating among US adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(22):7996–8000. Epub 2014/05/21. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1321426111 24843128
143. Gould JD. European inter-continental emigration 1815–1914: patterns and causes. Journal of European Economic History. 1979;8(3):593–679.
144. Fertig G. Transatlantic Migration from the German-Speaking Parts of Central Europe, 1600–1800: Proportions, Structures, and Explanations. Europeans on the Move: Oxford University Press; 1994. p. 192–235.
145. Cohn RL. Nativism and the End of the Mass Migration of the 1840s and 1850s. The Journal of Economic History. 2000;60(02):361–83. doi: 10.1017/s0022050700025134
146. Cohn RL. A Comparative Analysis of European Immigrant Streams to the United States during the Early Mass Migration. Social Science History. 1995;19(01):63–89. doi: 10.1017/s0145553200017223
147. Parmet RD. Connecticut's Know-Nothings: a profile. Connecticut Historical Society Bulletin. 1966;31:84–90.
148. McCaffrey LJ. The Irish Catholic Diaspora in America. Washington DC: Catholic University of America Press; 1997. 253 p.
149. Gorn EJ. "Good-Bye Boys, I Die a True American": Homicide, Nativism, and Working-Class Culture in Antebellum New York City. The Journal of American History. 1987;74(2):388. doi: 10.2307/1900028
150. Brighton SA. Degrees of Alienation: The Material Evidence of the Irish and Irish American Experience, 1850–1910. Historical Archaeology. 2008;42(4):132–53. doi: 10.1007/bf03377158
151. Anbinder T. Nativism and Slavery: The Northern Know Nothings and the Politics of the 1850s. New York: Oxford University Press; 1992 1993/12. 330 p.
152. Beecher EC. Reminiscences of Three Quarters of a Century in New Haven. Connecticut Magazine. 1906;10(4):679–91.
153. Bender D. ‘A Foreign Method of Working': Racial Degeneration, Gender and Disorder, and the Sweatshop Danger in America. In: Bender DE, Greenwald RA, editors. The American Sweatshop in Historical and Global Perspective. New York: Routledge; 1994. p. 19–37.
154. DeLuca R. Post Roads & Iron Horses: Transportation in Connecticut from Colonial Times to the Age of Steam. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press; 2011.
155. Room R. Cultural Contingencies of Alcoholism: Variations between and within Nineteenth-Century Urban Ethnic Groups in Alcohol-Related Death Rates. Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 1968;9(2):99. doi: 10.2307/2948328 5745774
156. Doying A. Differentiation of labor-related activity by means of musculoskeletal markers. Master’s Thesis. Tampa: University of South Florida; 2010.
157. Cardoso FA, Henderson CY. Enthesopathy formation in the humerus: Data from known age-at-death and known occupation skeletal collections. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2010;141(4):550–60. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21171 19927279
158. Henderson CY, Alves Cardoso F. Special Issue Entheseal Changes and Occupation: Technical and Theoretical Advances and Their Applications. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 2013;23(2):127–34. doi: 10.1002/oa.2298
159. Wienker C, Wood J. Osteological Individuality Indicative of Migrant Citrus Laboring. 1988.
160. Villotte S, Castex D, Couallier V, Dutour O, Knüsel CJ, Henry-Gambier D. Enthesopathies as occupational stress markers: Evidence from the upper limb. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2010;142(2):224–34. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.21217 20034011
161. Henderson CY, Craps DD, Caffell AC, Millard AR, Gowland R. Occupational Mobility in 19th Century Rural England: The Interpretation of Entheseal Changes. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 2013;23(2):197–210. doi: 10.1002/oa.2286
162. Nordander C, Ohlsson K, Balogh I, Hansson GA, Axmon A, Persson R, et al. Gender differences in workers with identical repetitive industrial tasks: exposure and musculoskeletal disorders. Int Arch Occup Environ Health. 2008;81(8):939–47. Epub 2007/12/11. doi: 10.1007/s00420-007-0286-9 18066574.
163. Geller PE. The Bioarchaeology of Socio-Sexual Lives: Queering Common Sense About Sex, Gender, and Sexuality. Martin DL, editor. New York: Springer; 2017.
164. Goldthwait JE. Permanent Dislocation of the Patella. The Report of a Case of Twenty Years' Duration, successfully treated by Transplantation of the Patella Tendons with the Tubercle of the Tibia. Annals of Surgery. 1899;29(1):62–8. Epub 1899/01/01. 17860670
165. Su JA. Making the Invisible Visible: The Garment Industry's Dirty Laundry. Journal of Gender Race & Justice. 1997;1(1):405–18.
166. Westgaard RH, Jansen T. Individual and work related factors associated with symptoms of musculoskeletal complaints. II. Different risk factors among sewing machine operators. Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 1992;49(3):154–62. doi: 10.1136/oem.49.3.154 1554612
167. Sokas RK, Spiegelman D, Wegman DH. Self-reported musculoskeletal complaints among garment workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine. 1989;15(2):197–206. doi: 10.1002/ajim.4700150208 2786337
168. Aghili MM, Asilian H, Poursafa P. Evaluation of musculoskeletal disorders in sewing machine operators of a shoe manufacturing factory in Iran. J Pak Med Assoc. 2012;62(3 Suppl 2):S20–5. Epub 2012/07/10. 22768452.
169. Kelley MA, Micozzi MS. Rib lesions in chronic pulmonary tuberculosis. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1984;65(4):381–6. Epub 1984/12/01. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330650407 6395694.
170. Santos AL, Roberts CA. A picture of tuberculosis in young Portuguese people in the early 20th century: a multidisciplinary study of the skeletal and historical evidence. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2001;115(1):38–49. Epub 2001/04/20. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1054 11309748.
171. Hendy J, Collins M, Teoh KY, Ashford DA, Thomas-Oates J, Donoghue HD, et al. The challenge of identifying tuberculosis proteins in archaeological tissues. Journal of Archaeological Science. 2016;66:146–53. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2016.01.003
172. Riis JA. How the other half lives: Studies among the tenements of New York. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons; 1890. p. 89.
173. Smith DS. The demographic history of colonial New England. J Econ Hist. 1972;32(1):165–83. Epub 1972/01/01. doi: 10.1017/s0022050700075458 11632252.
174. Hautaniemi SI, Swedlund AC, Anderton DL. Mill Town Mortality: Consequences of Industrial Growth in Two Nineteenth-Century New England Towns. Social Science History. 1999;23(01):1–39. doi: 10.1017/s0145553200017983
175. Smith DS. Differential Mortality in the United States before 1900. Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 1983;13(4):735. doi: 10.2307/203888 11617353
176. Kasakoff AB, Adams JW. The effects of migration, place, and occupation on adult mortality in the American north, 1740–1880. Hist Methods. 2000;33(2):115–30. Epub 2007/07/05. doi: 10.1080/01615440009598954 17607877.
177. Haines MR. The urban mortality transition in the united states, 1800–1940. Annales de démographie historique. 2001; 101(1):33.
178. Noymer A, Jarosz B. Causes of Death in Nineteenth-Century New England: The Dominance of Infectious Disease. Social History of Medicine. 2008;21(3):573–8. doi: 10.1093/shm/hkn062
179. Haines MR. Growing Incomes, Shrinking People: Can Economic Development Be Hazardous to Your Health?: Historical Evidence for the United States, England, and the Netherlands in the Nineteenth Century. Social Science History. 2004;28(2):249–70.
180. Atwater EE. History of the City of New Haven to the Present Time. New York: W. W. Munsell & Company; 1887. 702 p. p.
181. Osterweis RG. Three Centuries of New Haven, 1638–1938. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1953.
182. City of New Haven. Historical Resources Inventory. 1984 [cited March 2015]. http://www.cityofnewhaven.com/CityPlan/pdfs/HistoricInventory/HistoricInventoryMap.pdf.
183. Gurwitt R. Death of a Neighborhood: Mother Jones; 2000 [cited June 2015]. http://www.motherjones.com/politics/2000/09/death-neighborhood.
184. Lattanzi RM. Oyster Village to Melting Pot: The Hill Section of New Haven. Chester: Pattaconk Brook; 2000. 340 p.
185. Sletcher M. New Haven: From Puritanism to the Age of Terrorism. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing; 2004. 160 p.
186. Hinks P. “This Beautiful and Rapidly Improving Section of Our City”: Race, Labor, and Colonizationists in Early Industrializing New Haven, 1800–1830. Labor. 2016;13(1):65–91. doi: 10.1215/15476715-3341070
187. Jaffe AJ, Lourie WL Jr.. An abridged life table for the white population of the United States in 1830. Human Biology. 1942;14(3):352–71.
188. Mytum H. Public health and private sentiment: the development of cemetery architecture and funerary monuments from the eighteenth century onwards. World Archaeol. 1989;21(2):283–97. Epub 1989/10/01. doi: 10.1080/00438243.1989.9980107 16471001.
189. Schuyler D. The Evolution of the Anglo-American Rural Cemetery: Landscape Architecture as Social and Cultural History. The Journal of Garden History. 1984;4(3):291–304. doi: 10.1080/01445170.1984.10444100 11617326
190. Pearson MP. The Archaeology of Death and Burial. College Station: Texas A&M University Press; 1999.
191. Greene M. Rest in peace: A History of American cemeteries. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century Books; 2008.
192. Veit RF, Baugher SB, Scharfenberger GP. Historical Archaeology of Religious Sites and Cemeteries. Historical Archaeology. 2009;43(1):1–11. doi: 10.1007/bf03377111
193. Stearns SC. The Evolution of Life Histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1992. 249 p.
194. Bribiescas RG. Men: Evolutionary and Life History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 2009. 320 p.
195. Herring A, Saunders S, Boyce G. Bones and Burial Registers: Infant Mortality in a 19th-Century Cemetery from Upper Canada. Northeast Historical Archaeology. 1991;20(1):54–70. https://doi.org/10.22191/neha/vol20/iss1/6.
196. Knodel J, Hermalin AI. Effects of birth rank, maternal age, birth interval, and sibship size on infant and child mortality: evidence from 18th and 19th century reproductive histories. Am J Public Health. 1984;74(10):1098–106. Epub 1984/10/01. doi: 10.2105/ajph.74.10.1098 6383084
197. Van Lerberghe W, De Brouwere V. Of blind alleys and things that have worked: history's lessons on reducing maternal mortality. Studies in Health Services Organization and Policy. 2001;17:7–33.
198. Ronsmans C, Graham WJ. Maternal mortality: who, when, where, and why. The Lancet. 2006;368(9542):1189–200. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69380-x
199. Chamberlain G. British maternal mortality in the 19th and early 20th centuries. J R Soc Med. 2006;99(11):559–63. Epub 2006/11/04. 17082299
200. Komlos J. Shrinking in a Growing Economy? The Mystery of Physical Stature during the Industrial Revolution. The Journal of Economic History. 2009;58(03):779–802. doi: 10.1017/s0022050700021161
201. Huck P. Infant Mortality and Living Standards of English Workers During the Industrial Revolution. The Journal of Economic History. 2009;55(03):528–50. doi: 10.1017/s0022050700041620
202. Szreter S. Rapid economic growth and 'the four Ds' of disruption, deprivation, disease and death: public health lessons from nineteenth-century Britain for twenty-first-century China? Tropical Medicine and International Health. 1999;4(2):146–52. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.1999.00369.x 10206269
203. Klaus HD, Spencer Larsen C, Tam ME. Economic intensification and degenerative joint disease: Life and labor on the postcontact north coast of Peru. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2009;139(2):204–21. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20973 19140181
204. Handler JS, Corruccini RS. Plantation slave life in Barbados: a physical anthropological analysis. J Interdiscip Hist. 1983;14(1):65–90. Epub 1983/01/01. doi: 10.2307/203517 11617355.
205. Angel JL, Kelley JO, Parrington M, Pinter S. Life stresses of the free Black community as represented by the First African Baptist Church, Philadelphia, 1823–1841. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 1987;74(2):213–29. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330740209 3322028
206. Crandall JJ. Scurvy in the Greater American Southwest: Modeling micronutrition and biosocial processes in contexts of resource stress. International Journal of Paleopathology. 2014;5:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpp.2014.05.001. 29539467
207. Higgins RL, Sirianni JE. An Assessment of Health and Mortality of Nineteenth Century Rochester, New York Using Historic Records and the Highland Park Skeletal Collection. In: Grauer AL, editor. Bodies of Evidence: Reconstructing History through Skeletal Analysis. New York: Wiley-Liss; 1995. p. 121–36.
208. Rylko-Bauer B, Farmer P. Structural Violence, Poverty, and Social Suffering. In: Brady D, Burton LM, editors. The Oxford Handbook of the Social Science of Poverty. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2017. p. 47–74.
209. Weigert KM. Structural Violence. In: Fink G, editor. Stress of War, Conflict and Disaster. Amsterdam: Academic Press; 2010. p. 126–36.
210. Lee BX. Causes and cures VII: Structural violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior. 2016;28:109–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2016.05.003.
211. Grauer AL, editor. Bodies of Evidence: Reconstructing History through Skeletal Analysis. New York: Wiley; 1995.
212. Zvelebil M, Weber AW. Human bioarchaeology: Group identity and individual life histories—Introduction. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 2013;32(3):275–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaa.2012.01.003.
213. Baker BJ, Agarwal SC. Stronger together: advancing a global bioarchaeology. Bioarchaeology International. 2017;1(1–2):1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/bi.2017.1005.
214. Armelagos GJ, Goodman AH, Harper KN, Blakey ML. Enamel hypoplasia and early mortality: Bioarcheological support for the Barker hypothesis. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 2009;18(6):261–71. doi: 10.1002/evan.20239
215. Windmuller L. Graveyards as a Menace to the Commonweal. The North American Review. 1898;167(501):211–22.
216. Singer M, Clair S. Syndemics and public health: reconceptualizing disease in bio-social context. Medical Anthropology Quarterly. 2003;17(4):423–41. doi: 10.1525/maq.2003.17.4.423 14716917
217. Leatherman T, Goodman AH. Critical biocultural approaches in Medical Anthropology. In: Singer M, Erickson PI, editors. A Companion to Medical Anthropology. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell; 2011. p. 29–48.
218. Berger H, Spoerer M. Economic Crises and the European Revolutions of 1848. The Journal of Economic History. 2001;61(2):293–326. Epub 2001/08/13.
219. Sperber J. The European Revolutions, 1848–1851: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
220. Taylor AJP. The Habsburg Monarchy, 1809–1918: A History of the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1976.
221. Brock P. Polish Democrats and English Radicals 1832–1862: A Chapter in the History of Anglo-Polish Relations. The Journal of Modern History. 1953;25(2):139–56. doi: 10.1086/237597
222. Chastain J. "Great" Polish Political Emigration (1831–1870). 2004 [cited March 2015]. https://www.ohio.edu/chastain/dh/emigpol.htm.
223. Fox P. The Poles in America. New York: George H. Doran; 1922.
224. Kruszka W, Pula JS, Biskupski MB, Cuba S, Baker TL. A History of the Poles in America to 1908. Washington DC: Catholic University of America Press; 1993.
225. Madaj MJ. The Polish immigrant and the Catholic Church in America. Polish American Studies. 1949;6(1):1–8.
226. Zubrzycki J. Polish emigration to British Commonwealth countries: a demographic survey. Int Migr Rev. 1979;13(4):649–72. Epub 1979/01/01. doi: 10.2307/2545180 12337316.
227. Tyler ES. The Poles in the Connecticut Valley. Smith College Monthly. 1909;16(7):582–3.
228. 1850 United States Federal Census [Internet]. Ancestry.com Operations, Inc. 2009. https://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=8054.
229. Connecticut Irish-American Historical Society. A canal worker's legacy: New Haven's first Irish neighborhood. Shanachie. 2013;25(1–4).
230. Ethnic Heritage Center. The Ethnic History of New Haven: Pre-1638 to 2000 and Beyond. 2000 [cited March 2015]. http://connecticuthistory.org/wpcontent/uploads/2013/04/AnEthnicHistoryofNewHaven2.pdf.
231. Anonymous. German American Communities in Connecticut. 2015 [March 2015]. https://communitiesandworldwari.wordpress.com/german-american-communities-in-connecticut.
232. Pape WJ. History of Waterbury and the Naugatuck Valley, Connecticut (Vol. 3). New York: S. J. Clarke; 1918. 500 p.
233. Mick A, White L. Italians and Blacks in New Haven: The Establishment of Two Ethnic Communities. New Haven: Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute; 1978 [cited August 2014]. http://teachersinstitute.yale.edu/curriculum/units/1978/2/78.02.06.x.html#A.
234. ImmigrationtotheUnitedStates.org. Connecticut. 2011 [cited June 2016]. http://immigrationtounitedstates.org/446-connecticut.html.
235. USHistory.org. Irish and German Immigration. U.S. History Online Textbook. 2015 [cited June 2016]. http://www.ushistory.org/us/25f.asp.
236. Order of the Founders and Patriots of America. Vital Records of New Haven, 1649–1850. Part I. Hartford: Connecticut Society of the Order of the Founders and Patriots of America; 1917. 599 p.
237. Weber AF. The Growth of Cities in the 19th Century: A Study in Statistics. New York: MacMillan; 1899. 520 p.
238. Prichard SJ. The Town and City of Waterbury, Connecticut: From the Aboriginal Period to the Year Eighteen Hundred and Ninety-Five. Waterbury: Price & Lee Company; 1896. 885 p.
239. Parker CC. The Early History of Waterbury. Waterbury: Waterbury Job Printing Establishment; 1867.
240. Anderson J, Prichard SJ, Ward AL. The Town and City of Waterbury, Connecticut. New Haven: Price and Lee Company; 1896. 1380 p.
241. Slack C. Noble Obsession: Charles Goodyear, Thomas Hancock, and the Race to Unlock the Greatest Industrial Secret of the 19th Century. New York: Hyperion; 2003. 288 p.
242. Shields MR. Naugatuck Valley Textile Industry. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing; 2011. 128 p.
243. Hennesey JJ. American Catholics: A History of the Roman Catholic Community in the United States. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1983.
244. Smith TL. Religion and Ethnicity in America. The American Historical Review. 1978;83(5):1155. doi: 10.2307/1854689
245. Dolan JP. The Immigrant Church: New York's Irish and German Catholics, 1815–1865. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press; 1977.
246. Morris C. American Catholic: The saints and sinners who built America's most powerful church. New York: Vintage Press; 1998.
247. Kane PM. Separatism and Subculture: Boston Catholicism, 1900–1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press; 1994.
248. McCartin JP, McCartin JA. Working-Class Catholicism: a call for new investigations, dialogue, and reappraisal. Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas, Volume 4, Issue 1. 2007;4(1):99–110. doi: 10.1215/15476715-2006-039
249. Byrne J. Catholic but not Roman Catholic. American Catholic Studies. 2014;125(3):16–9. doi: 10.1353/acs.2014.0016
250. Abramson HJ. Ethnic Diversity in Catholic America. New York: Wiley; 1973. 207 p.
251. Center for Migration Studies. European immigrants and the Catholic Church in Connecticut, 1870–1920. Center for Migration Studies Special Issue. 1987;5(5):1–164.
252. Seroczynski FT. Poles in the United States. In: Herbermann CG, editor. The Catholic Encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic church. 12. New York: Encyclopedia Press; 1914. p. 212.
253. Albanski L, Lehr JC. Identity, Integration, and Assimilation Recorded in Manitoba's Polish and Ukrainian Cemeteries. Great Plains Research. 2012;22(1):3–14.
254. Küng H. The Catholic Church: a short history. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson; 2007. 272 p.
255. Anonymous. St. Mary's: Years of Grace. 2015 [cited March 2015]. http://www.stmarysderbyct.org/uploads/1/7/1/6/17166584/yearsofgrace.pdf.
256. Byrne WM, Leahy WA. History of the Catholic Church in the New England States. Boston: D. H. Hurd Company; 1893. 1042 p.
257. Shephard J. History of St. Mark's Church, New Britain CT and of its predecessor Christ Church Wethersfield and Berlin from the First Church of England Service in America to Nineteen Hundred and Seven. New Britain: Tuttle Morehouse and Taylor; 1907. 707 p.
258. Hammond PE, Warner KEE. Religion and Ethnicity in Late-Twentieth-Century America. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 2016;527(1):55–66. doi: 10.1177/0002716293527001005
259. Hirschman C. The Role of Religion in the Origins and Adaptation of Immigrant Groups in the United States1. International Migration Review. 2006;38(3):1206–33. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00233.x
260. Olson JS, Beal HO. The Ethnic Dimension in American History. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010. 388 p.
261. Vecoli RJ. Prelates and Peasants: Italian Immigrants and the Catholic Church. Journal of Social History. 1969;2(3):217–68. doi: 10.1353/jsh/2.3.217
262. Brożek A. Polish Americans: 1854–1939. New Brunswick: Transaction Pubishers; 1985.
263. Nagel J. The Political Construction of Ethnicity. In: Olzak S, Nagel J, editors. Competitive Ethnic Relations. New York: Academic Press; 1986. p. 93–112.
264. Conzen KN, Gerber DA, Morawska E, Pozzetta GE, Vecoli RJ. The invention of ethnicity: A perspective from the USA. Journal of American Ethnic History. 1992;12(1):3–41.
265. Erdmans MP. Immigrants and Ethnics: Conflict and Identity in Chicago Polonia. The Sociological Quarterly. 1995;36(1):175–95. doi: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.1995.tb02326.x
266. Bukowczyk JJ. The image and self-image of Polish Americans. Polish American Studies. 1998;55(2):75–83.
267. Gillette W. Jersey Blue: Civil War Politics in New Jersey, 1854–1865. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press; 1995.
268. Kane PM. Separatism and Subculture: Boston Catholicism, 1900–1920: University of North Carolina Press; 1994. 430 p.
269. Anonymous. Merged and Closed Parishes. 2015 [cited March 2015]. http://archdioceseofhartford.org/merged-and-closed-parishes/.
270. Downes W. The Life and Private History of James McCaffrey, who was Convicted at New Haven, on the 29th Day of April, A. D. 1850, of the Murder of Ann Smith on the 29th Day of October, 1849, and Sentenced to be Hung at New Haven, Conn. on the Second day of October, A. D. 1850. New Haven: Storer And Stone.; 1850.
271. Greene J. Twelve Days in the Tombs; or, a Sketch of the Last Eight Years of the Reformed Gambler's Life. Boston: GW Cottrell; 1851.
272. Goodwin W. Death Cell Scenes, Or, Notes, Sketches and Momorandums of the Last Sixteen Days and Last Night of Henry Leander Foote: Together with an Account of His Execution for the Murder of Emily H. Cooper. New Haven: J.H. Benham,; 1850. 30 p.
273. Luckè JB. History of the New Haven Grays from Sept. 13, 1816, to Sept. 13, 1876. New Haven: Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor; 1876.
274. Haughton S. On hanging, considered from a mechanical and physiological point of view. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 1866;32(213):23–34. doi: 10.1080/14786446608644122
275. Paterson AM. Fracture of cervical vertebrae. Journal of Anatomy and Physiology. 1889;24(1):ix.
276. De Zouche Marshall J. Judicial Hanging. The Lancet. 1913;181(4670):639–40. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(00)75485-7
277. Wood-Jones F. The Ideal Lesion Produced by Judicial Hanging. The Lancet. 1913;181(4662):53. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(01)47782-8
278. Wolff R. Injury to the cervical vertebrae as a result of judicial hanging. Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa. 1928;2:460–2.
279. Reay DT, Cohen W, Ames S. Injuries produced by judicial hanging. A case report. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1994;15(3):183–6. Epub 1994/09/01. doi: 10.1097/00000433-199409000-00001 7825545.
280. James R, Nasmyth-Jones R. The occurrence of cervical fractures in victims of judicial hanging. Forensic Sci Int. 1992;54(1):81–91. Epub 1992/04/01. doi: 10.1016/0379-0738(92)90083-9 1618457.
281. Schneider RC, Livingston KE, Cave AJ, Hamilton G. "Hangman's Fracture" of the Cervical Spine. J Neurosurg. 1965;22(2):141–54. Epub 1965/02/01. doi: 10.3171/jns.1965.22.2.0141 14288425.
282. Wallace SK, Cohen WA, Stern EJ, Reay DT. Judicial hanging: postmortem radiographic, CT, and MR imaging features with autopsy confirmation. Radiology. 1994;193(1):263–7. Epub 1994/10/01. doi: 10.1148/radiology.193.1.8090904 8090904.
283. Betz P, Eisenmenger W. Frequency of throat-skeleton fractures in hanging. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1996;17(3):191–3. Epub 1996/09/01. doi: 10.1097/00000433-199609000-00002 8870866.
284. Spence MW, Shkrum MJ, Ariss A, Regan J. Craniocervical injuries in judicial hangings: an anthropologic analysis of six cases. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 1999;20(4):309–22. Epub 2000/01/07. doi: 10.1097/00000433-199912000-00001 10624922.
285. Rayes M, Mittal M, Rengachary SS, Mittal S. Hangman's fracture: a historical and biomechanical perspective. J Neurosurg Spine. 2011;14(2):198–208. Epub 2010/12/28. doi: 10.3171/2010.10.SPINE09805 21184637.
286. Botha D, Steyn M. A Palaeopathological Assessment of the Late 19th and Early 20th Century Khoesan. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology. 2016;26(2):266–80. doi: 10.1002/oa.2419
287. Baetsen W. Left hanging? Considering hanging: A disregarded cause of skeletal trauma [Scientific Poster Presentation]. 2014 [June 2017]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/309787818_Left_hanging_Considering_hanging_A_disregarded_cause_of_skeletal_trauma.
288. Hurren ET. Dissecting the Criminal Corpse: Staging Post-Execution Punishment in Early Modern England. London: Palgrave Macmillan; 2016. 326 p.
289. Banner S. The Death Penalty: an American History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 2002. 408 p.
290. Jacobi KP, Cook DC, Corruccini RS, Handler JS. Congenital syphilis in the past: slaves at Newton Plantation, Barbados, West Indies. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1992;89(2):145–58. Epub 1992/10/01. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1330890203 1443091.
291. Blakey M. The study of New York's African Burial Ground: biocultural and engaged. In: Walker SS, editor. African Roots/American Cultures: Africa in the Creation of the Americas. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers; 2001. p. 222–31.
292. Nystrom KC, editor. The Bioarchaeology of Dissection and Autopsy in the United States. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing; 2017.
293. Beaumont J, Geber J, Powers N, Wilson A, Lee-Thorp J, Montgomery J. Victims and survivors: stable isotopes used to identify migrants from the Great Irish Famine to 19th century London. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2013;150(1):87–98. Epub 2012/11/06. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.22179 23124593.
294. Agarwal SC, Glencross BA, editors. Social Bioarchaeology. Malden: Wiley-Blackwell; 2011.
295. Esaki BJ. Religion and American ethnicity. In: Barkan E, editor. Immigrants in American History: Arrival, Adaptation, and Indication. 4. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO; 2012. p. 1743–61.
296. Baxter JE, Vey S, McGuire EH, Conway S, Blom DE. Reflections on Interdisciplinarity in the Study of Childhood in the Past. Childhood in the Past. 2017;10(1):57–71. doi: 10.1080/17585716.2017.1305077
297. Barlow LK, Sadler JP, Ogilvie AEJ, Buckland PC, Amorosi T, Ingimundarson JH, et al. Interdisciplinary investigations of the end of the Norse Western Settlement in Greenland. The Holocene. 1997;7(4):489–99. doi: 10.1177/095968369700700411
298. Crespo FA, Klaes CK, Switala AE, DeWitte SN. Do leprosy and tuberculosis generate a systemic inflammatory shift? Setting the ground for a new dialogue between experimental immunology and bioarchaeology. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2017;162(1):143–56. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.23104 27704524
299. Reid AH, Taubenberger JK, Fanning TG. The 1918 Spanish influenza: integrating history and biology. Microbes and Infection. 2001;3(1):81–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1286-4579(00)01351-4. 11226857
300. DeWitte SN, Stojanowski CM. The Osteological Paradox 20 Years Later: Past Perspectives, Future Directions. Journal of Archaeological Research. 2015;23(4):397–450. doi: 10.1007/s10814-015-9084-1
Článek vyšel v časopise
PLOS One
2019 Číslo 9
- Případ Bulovka: Jak postupují jiné nemocnice, aby podobným tragédiím zabránily?
- Jak často se u masových střelců vyskytují duševní choroby?
- FDA varuje před selfmonitoringem cukru pomocí chytrých hodinek. Jak je to v Česku?
- Metamizol jako analgetikum první volby: kdy, pro koho, jak a proč?
- Klinický význam menších rozestupů mezi silami přípravků s levothyroxinem v léčbě hypotyreózy
Nejčtenější v tomto čísle
- Graviola (Annona muricata) attenuates behavioural alterations and testicular oxidative stress induced by streptozotocin in diabetic rats
- CH(II), a cerebroprotein hydrolysate, exhibits potential neuro-protective effect on Alzheimer’s disease
- Comparison between Aptima Assays (Hologic) and the Allplex STI Essential Assay (Seegene) for the diagnosis of Sexually transmitted infections
- Assessment of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity using CareStart G6PD rapid diagnostic test and associated genetic variants in Plasmodium vivax malaria endemic setting in Mauritania