#PAGE_PARAMS# #ADS_HEAD_SCRIPTS# #MICRODATA#

Electrocardiogram and cardiac stimulation


Authors: M. Sepši;  D. Pospíšil;  M. Kozák
Authors‘ workplace: Interní kardiologická klinika LF MU a FN Brno
Published in: Kardiol Rev Int Med 2017, 19(2): 132-137

Overview

Determining the electrical axis of the heart is the key to assessing the origin of the depolarisation wave. A normal heart axis is a vector ranging from – 30 degrees to +90 degrees. Pacing from the right ventricle apex pushes the electrical axis to the left (from – 30 degrees to more negative values). Pacing from the left ventricle moves the electrical axis to the right (from +90 degrees to positive values). Biventricular pacing leads to extreme axis deviation (from – 90 degrees to – 180 degrees). Placing a magnet over the pacemaker will cause an asynchronous pacing and thereby allows us to verify basic pacemaker functions. Placing a magnet over the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator will inhibit tachyarrhythmia therapy and can be used for temporary deactivation. Algorithms reducing right ventricular pacing allow temporary higher-grade atrioventricular blockades and thereby imitate pacing malfunction.

Keywords:
electrocardiography –  pacemaker –  implantable cardioverter defibrillator


Sources

1. Lars­son B, Elmquist H, Ryden L et al. Les­sons from the first patient with an implanted pacemaker: 1958– 2001. Pac­ing Clin Electrophysiol 2003; 26(1 Pt 1): 114– 124.

2. Einthoven W. Ein neues Galvanometer. Ann Phys 1903; 317(13): 1059– 1071.

3. Goldberger E. A simple, indif­ferent, electrocardiographic electrode of zero potential and a technique of obtain­ing augmented, unipolar, extremity leads. Am Heart J 1942; 23(4): 483– 492. doi: 10.1016/ S0002-8703(42)90293-X.

4. Surawicz B, Knilans T. Chou’s Electrocardiography in Clinical Practice: Adult and Pediatric. (6th ed) Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008: 16– 17.

5. Jacob S, Panaich SS, Maheshwari R et al. Clinical applications of magnets on cardiac rhythm management devices. Europace 2011; 13(9): 1222– 1230. doi: 10.1093/ europace/ eur137.

6. Sweeney MO, Hel­lkamp AS, El­lenbogen KA et al. Adverse ef­fect of ventricular pac­ing on heart failure and atrial fibril­lation among patients with normal base­line QRS duration in a clinical trial of pacemaker therapy for sinus node dysfunction. Circulation 2003; 107(23): 2932– 2937.

7. Stockburger M, Boveda S, Moreno J et al. Long-term clinical ef­fects of ventricular pac­ing reduction with a changeover mode to minimize ventricular pac­ing in a general pacemaker population. Eur Heart J 2015; 36(3): 151– 157. doi: 10.1093/ eurheartj/ ehu336.

8. Rosenbaum MB, Blanco HH, Elizari MV et al. Electrotonic modulation of the T wave and cardiac memory. Am J Cardiol 1982; 50(2): 213– 222.

Labels
Paediatric cardiology Internal medicine Cardiac surgery Cardiology
Login
Forgotten password

Enter the email address that you registered with. We will send you instructions on how to set a new password.

Login

Don‘t have an account?  Create new account

#ADS_BOTTOM_SCRIPTS#